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• W21755184 abstract "Can strategies that rely on information instead of command-and-control regulation be an effective way to meet our environmental quality goals? During the past 25 years, the United States has made substantial environmental progress - progress wrought by a considerable volume of laws and regulations.(2) Cleaner air and water, for example, are the result of an elaborate regulatory system that begins with the passage of a law, which is then translated into regulations through a rigorous and time-consuming standard-setting process; the process ends with compliance through which the regulations are monitored and enforced. Despite the success of this command-and-control approach, environmental decision makers and policymakers now generally concede that this technique, by itself, cannot shoulder the burden for future environmental improvements. This is because the approach itself has defects and because many of the current environmental issues do not optimally lend themselves to this course of action.(3) Most fundamentally, however, the challenge in moving beyond pollution control to sustainable development is of such magnitude that we need to employ a wide variety of environmental management tools to achieve the desired end. The incessant pressures of population and economic growth pose extraordinary challenges to environmental integrity. Urban sprawl continues to result in losses of wetlands, agricultural lands, and habitat diversity. Living patterns produce vehicle congestion, which leads to local and global pollution loading. With its immoderate use of fossil fuels, the United States remains the largest contributor to the climate change problem. Regulatory nonattainment for air and water quality standards remains an all-too-common predicament for several large cities and communities. Even though these national problems are serious, they are overshadowed by global challenges. Meeting the basic material requirements of the anticipated global population of 8 to 12 billion people in the next century, while simultaneously preserving the Earth's life-support systems, will be an extraordinary and uncharted undertaking. The case that market-driven approaches to environmental protection present an attractive alternative or complement to command-and-control approaches has been made frequently in recent years.(4) Proposals for environmental enhancement that produce flexible and cost-effective solutions to air, water, and waste concerns now routinely contain a healthy dose of market-based incentives. While implementing such proposals has been slower than advocates wish, market-based incentives are certain to play an increasingly important role in the national and global environmental future.(5) In contrast to market-based alternatives, relatively little has been said about the use of information as a tool for achieving environmental enhancement.(6) Despite this lack of publicity, and with virtually no strategic direction provided by governments or think tanks, approaches that rely on the dissemination of information to the public have been proliferating at an unprecedented rate. The basic belief behind these approaches is that information will trigger a public response expressed either in the marketplace or in the political arena. In short, an informed public will demand environmental improvement. Because the movement toward widespread dissemination of environmental information is relatively new at this stage, there is little empirical evidence to substantiate the hopes of its advocates. Still, the movement deserves greater attention and scrutiny because there is a potentially large up side to its further development. At a minimum, greater information can play a useful complementary role to other environmental management tools. At a maximum, it can virtually transform the nature of environmental protection from an adversarial, compliance-driven activity to a consensus-based, fully internalized approach to sustainable development. …" @default.
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• W21755184 title "Soft Tools for Environmental Management" @default.
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