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• W2181451259 abstract "Monogastric livestock contribute significant total phosphorus (P) loads to surface and coastal waters of Europe. Pig and poultry diets are primarily cereal-based, where most grain P occurs as indigestible phytate. To ensure adequate nutrition, the livestock sector uses exogenous inorganic P or phytases in feed rations. Recently, it has become technologically feasible to grow low-phytate varieties of cereals with much greater P availability to monogastrics. These varieties could reduce the need for exogenous P inputs to feed rations and could reduce the P load from agriculture. Here, the impact of low-phytate varieties of cereals in Great Britain (GB) is assessed. A desk-study partitioning the sources of P loads to water was integrated with recent empirical data from studies in which low-phytate cereals were fed to pigs and poultry. Replacing conventional feed by low phytate alternatives would reduce the total P load to GB waters by 0.53% (321 tonnes P y), representing 2.73% of the agricultural contribution to the total P load to GB waters. Significant further reductions could be envisaged in the industrial fish farming and human nutrition sectors. Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with nutritive mineral elements causing an in balance within the natural systems. Phosphorus (P) is a major contributor to eutrophication of surface and coastal waters throughout Europe (Haygarth et al., 2009; White and Hammond, 2009). To address this problem, the EU aims to reduce P loads to waters through the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000). One of their first objectives was to ascertain the sources of the P entering national waters. Recent estimates for various European countries suggest that agriculture contributes between 10% (Norway) and 80% (Lithuania) of the total P entering their waters (Herbke et al., 2005; Withers and Haygarth, 2007; White and Hammond, 2009). Agriculture was estimated to contribute 19.5% of the total P load to the waters of Great Britain (GB; England, Scotland and Wales), with pigs and poultry contributing about 13.6 % of this agricultural P pollution (Table 1; White and Hammond, 2009). Pigs and poultry are fed cereal-based diets (Nahm, 2002). Typically, 60-80% of the P content of cereal grains occurs as phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6; Raboy, 2007, 2009), which monogastric animals, such as pigs and poultry, are unable to digest (Brinch-Pedersen et al., 2002). Often farmers must add inorganic P salts to supplement the diets of monogastric animals and provide sufficient P for their adequate nutrition. In addition, farmers often add the enzyme phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) to feed, which degrades phytate to release inorganic phosphate, which can then be utilised by monogastric animals (Baxter et al., 2003; Lei and Porres, 2007). Still, much of the P pollution from pigs and poultry units can originate from undigested phytate. If the phytate content of the feed could be reduced, then P pollution from pigs and poultry units would also be reduced, and the greater P bioavailability in feed would reduce the need for exogenous phosphate and phytase additions to diets of monogastric animals." @default.
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• W2181451259 date "2015-01-01" @default.
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• W2181451259 title "Development and evaluation of low-phytate wheat germplasm to reduce diffuse phosphate pollution from pig and poultry production units" @default.
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