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• W2181453555 abstract "Introduction Of all the pollutants entering the sea, oil very often appears to be the substance that attracts most attention. Similarly, of all sources of marine pollution, oil-tanker accidents very often appear to be the single most important source of marine pollution. This as such is a major problem. Oil may not be the most hazardous pollutant to be introduced into the marine environment, oil-tanker accidents definitely are not the most important source of marine pollution in general nor for oil pollution in particular. The problem associated with the high profile of oil in the league of pollutants could well be that far too much attention is given to oil pollution at the cost of the attention that should also be given to other substances seriously polluting the marine environment. This article will nevertheless focus its attention on marine oil pollution; it is, after all, a serious problem in its own right. As a result of the attention oil pollution has had over the past decades, in particular in reaction to a long list of serious oil-tanker accidents, many measures have been taken against it. Consequently, this is an area where it is possible to assess how far the international community has come in solving specific environmental problems, what the main obstacles are to effective international solutions, and what should be done to overcome these problems. The Nature of the Problem: The Amounts of Oil Spilled into the Marine Environment Every year over 1,500 million tonnes of oil are transported over the world's seas by ships as cargo (some 1,480 million tonnes in 1989), as fuel oil (an estimated 110,000 tonnes in 1989), or for other uses. A relatively small but in absolute numbers substantial amount of oil never reaches its destination as cargo or is effectively used in the ships' engines: it ends up in the marine environment either as a result of operational discharges or as a result of accidents with ships. Various estimates have been made to assess the total amount of oil entering the world's seas and oceans. Table 1 summarizes some of these estimates from different years; the estimates included are for the years 1973, 1981, 1990, and 1992. The estimate for the year 1981 provides an indication of the importance of shipping as a source of marine oil pollution. From an estimated total of 3.28 million tonnes of oil entering the marine environment, some 1.5 million tonnes (46 per cent) were generated by shipping, from which some 410,000 tonnes (13 per cent) were the result of (tanker)-accidents." @default.
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• W2181453555 date "1994-01-01" @default.
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• W2181453555 title "International Co-operation to Prevent Oil Spills at Sea: Not Quite the Success It Should Be" @default.
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