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• W2182192223 abstract "IntroductionFederalism is as much a matter of process as of structure, particularly if process is broadly defined to include a political cultural dimension as well. Elements of a federal process include a sense of partnership on the part of the parties to the federal compact, manifested through negotiated cooperation on issues and programs and based on a commitment to open bargaining between all parties to an issue in such a way as to strive for consensus or, failing that, an accommodation which protects the fundamental integrity of all the partners. Only in those polities where the processes of government reflect federal principles is the structure of federalism meaningful (Elazar, 1985: 22). Lijphart has identified few favourable factors contributing to federalism or so to say consociationalism in plural societies. To this end I have to specify these factors in figure 1.Federalism and ConsociationalismLijphart's consociational theory is applicable to Indian integration pattern and Lijphart finds consociational character in Indian democracy, which has been criticized by Brass (1991) that India is not fully consociational, but it is highly competitive and has adopted some consociational devices, some permanently, some temporarily. Lijphart regards that India is basically consociational. With regard to power sharing India attains both consociational and integrative power sharing. During Nehru-era we find the prevalence of command polity rather than demand polity, which may be termed as ranked or controlled polity with the institutionalization of diffused power. Wilkinson's study is associated with the metaphor of 'tsunami' of Riggs (1994, 1995). The three tsunamis of Indian politics since independence are: (1) The first tsunami: a new post-independence division in to 'linguistic states'; (2) The second tsunami: regional movements with an ethno-nationalist element and (3) The third tsunami: the intensification of opposition (Sathyamurthy, 1996).Lijphart's consociational democracy model emphasizes the importance of power-sharing. Horowitz's integrative democracy model emphasizes the importance of fostering multi-ethnic political coalitions. The grand coalition implies that the model of government and opposition is rejected. Consensual democracy replaces majoritarian democracy, and opposition is necessarily located inside government. Like consociationalists, centripetalists favour federalism in multi-ethnic countries, but for different reasons. So far as parties and elections go, consociationalists aspire to a post-electoral compromise-hence the grand coalition- whereas centripetalists aspire to a pre-electoral compromise-hence various incentives to induce parties to pool votes and form coalitions across group lines. According to the latter, pre-election compromise is superior, because it requires that parties make commitments to moderate their ethnic claims in order to secure alliances and electoral support across group lines, whereas compulsory postelection coalitions require no such commitments (Horowitz, 2008). Ultimately however, Sisk argues convincingly by striking a middle way between both approaches and attempting to solve the dilemma of having to decide on an appropriate formula for divided societies:Scholars differ over whether the consociational power-sharing approach ... leads to better relations among ethnic groups in multi-ethnic societies than ... an integrative (or pluralist) approach... Neither approach can be said to be the best in all circumstances. Rather, the two approaches should be seen in contingent terms... The challenge is not to develop a singular model of conflict-regulating practices, but rather a menu of conflict- regulating practices from which policymakers can choose and adapt to the intricacies and challenges of successfully regulating any given ethnic conflict (Sisk, 1996).The outcome is integrative-accommodative federal system. Additionally and more importantly, Horowtiz's concept of integrative democracy is a fair account of an alternative approach to the rule of plural societies. …" @default.
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• W2182192223 date "2013-06-01" @default.
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• W2182192223 title "Indian Federation and the Multicultural Context" @default.
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