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• W2182912586 abstract "Characterizing the dynamic mechanical behavior and properties of cartilage during cyclic loading is important to better understanding the physiological environment that may influence cartilage growth. Few previous studies have attempted to directly measure Poisson’s ratio, especially during dynamic loading. The contact between femoral and tibial cartilage is asymmetric, in that the uncovered region of the tibia is loaded for prolonged durations whereas that of the distal femur is loaded more intermittently. We hypothesized that dynamic Poisson’s ratio of immature femoral condyle and tibial plateau cartilage is frequency-dependent and distinct for the two locations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of (1) frequency (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1Hz) and (2) location (femoral condyle and tibial plateau) on dynamic Poisson’s ratio and stiffness and phase of immature bovine articular cartilage. METHODS Samples: 2.5mm diameter x 1mm thick cartilage disks with intact articular surfaces were harvested from the medial femoral condyle (FC) and medial uncovered region of the tibial plateau (TP) of 1-3week old calves (n=4). Samples were equilibrated in PBS + protease inhibitors (PI) and stored frozen before subsequent mechanical testing. Mechanical testing: Samples were tested in static and dynamic unconfined compression to determine static and dynamic Poisson’s ratio and stiffness. Samples were thawed in PBS+PI the day of testing. Then, 20% static compression was applied via polished platens and samples were allowed to stress-relax to equilibrium over 1200s. Finally, dynamic compression of 2% amplitude, relative to the free swelling thickness at frequencies of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1Hz were applied. Digital images of the samples were taken at 0% and 20% strain and during the dynamic oscillation with a Nikon D90, fit with a 105mm macro lens. Analysis: Images (Fig. 1) were processed in Matlab to assess tissue deformation and strains. Each image was converted to grayscale and pixel intensity gradients were measured across the width of the cartilage. The intensity gradients were analyzed and bounds of the sample were determined using an edge-detection algorithm. Diameter was determined as the average of distances between the edges of the sample. A circular Hough transform was used to find the location of center of target beads fixed to the upper and lower platens. The center-to-center distance of the two target beads was taken to assess the change in height during deformation. Radial and axial strain were computed from exx = –(h–h0)/h0 and ezz = –(d–d0)/d0, where h0 and d0 were the undeformed height and diameter, respectively. Dynamic Poisson’s ratio was computed from νxz = – ezz/exx,by plotting rr vs. zz and applying linear regression. The slope of the fit is the dynamic Poisson’s ratio. Stiffness magnitude and phase were determined by comparing the load and displacement data with fast Fourier transforms. Statistics: Data are expressed as mean SEM. The effects of frequency and location on dynamic Poisson’s ratio and stiffness phase were assessed by ANOVA with frequency as a repeated factor. Planned comparisons were conducted to determine site-dependence at each stimulation frequency. RESULTS The dynamic Poisson’s ratio varied in a frequency-dependent manner (p<0.001, Fig. 2). Poisson’s ratio increased monotonically from values of 0.0383 and 0.0290 under static conditions toward a value of 0.5 as frequency of compression increased. The dynamic Poisson’s ratio was also location-dependent (p<0.05) being lower for the TP than FC. The dynamic stiffness amplitude and phase (Fig. 3) were frequencydependent (P<0.001), increasing and decreasing, respectively, monotonically with frequency of stimulation. DISCUSSION The monotonic increase of dynamic Poisson’s ratio and decrease of dynamic stiffness phase with stimulation frequency suggests articular cartilage behaves like an incompressible elastic solid at high frequencies of stimulation. The frequency-dependent stiffness is consistent with the biphasic/poroelastic properties of cartilage. The Poisson’s ratios has implications for the mechanobiology of cartilage. In particular, the high Poisson’s ratio at higher frequencies suggest that it may be such dynamic component of loading that leads to growth of cartilage transverse to the axial loading direction." @default.
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• W2182912586 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W2182912586 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2182912586 title "Radial Expansion of Immature Cartilage During Cyclic Unconfined Compression Quantified as Dynamic Poisson's Ratio" @default.
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