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• W2183669718 abstract "This report summarises observations made on a field visit to areas affected by the May 2010eruption of Volcan Tungurahua, Ecuador. The focus of this trip, carried out in September2010 by a field team from the University of Canterbury and University College London, wasto investigate both direct and indirect effects of ashfall on critical infrastructure, and themanagement of ashfall events. In particular we paid attention to less-studied areas of interestincluding electrical power and healthcare systems. All infrastructure topics explored aspectsof resilience and adaptation, in the context of ongoing volcanic unrest at Tungurahua since1999. Research methods were largely qualitative and included semi-structured interviews,observation, water testing and informal conversations and meetings with locals.A good overview of ashfall impacts on electricity networks, healthcare services andemergency management issues was achieved during the trip. The information gathered addsto our knowledge of the possible effects of volcanic ashfall on infrastructure and publicservices. Further insights into impacts of water, wastewater, transportation and agriculturewere gained.Overall, infrastructure seemed to function well during the 2010 eruption, with only minorproblems reported. However, the May 2010 eruption generated only minor ashfalls (a fewmm) in most locations. Over the past 11 years of volcanic unrest, other events have causedmore serious impacts, particularly a VEI 3 eruption on 16-17 August 2006.Electrical supplies suffered few problems, with no reports of electrical flashover from ashfalls.Problems arising from contamination of open water supplies have led to an initiative to coverwater supplies. In the transport sector, the 2010 eruption resulted in a two-day closure ofGuayaquil international airport due to risks to aircraft. Roads in the Tungurahua region havebeen frequently damaged by lahars over the past 11 years. The 2010 eruption causedpartial damage to 3740 ha of crops. Far more severe, although localised, damage to crops,livestock and rural communities was caused by the August 2006 eruption.Healthcare centres are well-organised and are able to prioritise essential services in theevent of an ashfall, and so experience few major impacts, but a variety of minor impacts onfacilities and equipment. A variety of public health pathologies have increased by smallamounts in the short term after ashfalls, and psychological impacts in communities affectedby eruptions have increased since activity began at Volcan Tungurahua in 1999, and haverequired increased attention from healthcare professionals in the long term. Emergencymanagement insights provide lessons pertaining to the benefits of local engagement andinvolvement in risk management, including the influential role of the vigias, who act asobservers of volcanic activity and coordinators of voluntary civil defence within thecommunity.The focus on adaptations and responses to the long-term volcanic activity has providedinsights into the long-term effects of volcanic activity and helped identify possible mitigationand prevention measures. It is found that in general, increased maintenance of infrastructurenow occurs widely across sectors, and cleanup methods for specific sectors have beendeveloped to cope with ashfalls. The cleanup of ash at the municipal level is well organised,and is coordinated with the National Secretariat of Risk Management such that costs areshared with the proportions adjusted according to the severity of the situation. Increased useof personal protective measures (such as masks and goggles) has achieved a reduction in public health impacts. Healthcare centres are also well organised, forming brigades for rapidresponse in affected areas, and having a clear hierarchy of health centres within each regionso that patients can be transferred if necessary. They have good knowledge of the volcanicalert level system and the protocols required for each alert level change. Emergencymanagement also appears organised. Emergency drills are run in at-risk communities, andcontingency plans are updated and revised following eruptions. Hazard warning and sheltersignage is also widespread in the Tungurahua volcanic hazard area.Overall, we found clear evidence for increased organisation and improved managementprocedures in the Tungurahua volcanic hazard area, which should have strengthenedsocietal resilience. Additionally individual adaptive behaviour has included: increased use ofpersonal protective equipment, which has reduced public health effects; farmers growingmore ash-resilient crops including onions, and using greenhouses for crop growth; farmersonly rearing livestock for a shortened period of time in the area, in order to prevent toothabrasion; and an initiative to cover water supplies to protect them from contamination byashfalls.Other examples of adaptations to infrastructure have included: widespread hazard signage;sirens in and around Banos for early warning (with an alternate power supply in case ofpower cuts, and a contingency emergency services siren system); floodgate design atAgoyan dam for bypassing turbulent water; and the development of plans to relocateelectrical transmission towers away from valleys that have, in the past, been affected bylahars.Further studies in the Tungurahua volcanic area would be beneficial, to gain long-termunderstanding of volcanic ash consequences on a variety of sectors, including thoseexplored in less depth in this study." @default.
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• W2183669718 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W2183669718 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2183669718 title "Infrastructure impacts, management and adaptations to eruptions at Volcán Tungurahua, Ecuador, 1999-2010" @default.
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