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• W2183677453 abstract "This is a proven fact that water plays pivotal role in economic development of a country like Pakistan. There is no substitute for water, water is finite, has economic value and least immune to misuse, underuse, pollution and poor management. Pakistan can be classified as one of the most arid countries of the world with average rainfall of 240 mm a year. Its population and economy heavily depend on the annual influx into the Indus System (including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Kabul and some un-captured flows by India of Ravi, Sutlej and Beas rivers) of about 190 BCM of water mostly derived from snow-melt in the Himalayas. In addition, Pakistan has 16 mha of aquifer with a total potential of 68 BCM of groundwater, mostly getting recharged through canals network and partially through some limited structural arrangements. The 81% of the surface water is available in the wet season (Kharif) which runs from April to September. Seventy seven percent (77%) of Pakistan’s population is located in the Indus basin – 40 million People in Pakistan depend on irrigation water for their domestic use especially in areas where groundwater is brackish. In general Pakistan is a water scarce country, has high precipitation variation, high water stress indicators, high ecosystem deterioration, extremely low water use efficiency, poor access to clean drinking water and sanitation, poor conflict-management capacity and deferred maintenance of water infrastructure. Trans-boundary aquifer mining and trans-boundary surface water pollution are factors which adversely affect water resources of Pakistan, both surface and ground water. Pakistan is extracting 50 MAF of groundwater against total resource of 59 MAF. The remaining 9 MAF has already reached its economic limits. The over-mining of aquifer has resulted in secondary salinization along with presence of fluorides and arsenic. This is degrading the quality of agricultural land and resulting in multiple diseases. The major issue of Transboundary groundwater sharing and contamination is faced by Pakistan because of the fact that the very liberal policy of groundwater extraction with very subsidized electricity tariff for farmers of the Eastern Punjab in India and release of industrial effluents in the Ravi River which enters in to Western Punjab in Pakistan not only cause fast declining groundwater table but also contaminating the groundwater reserves of Pakistan. This paper will thoroughly review the Transboundary groundwater occurrence, uses in both neighbouring countries India and Pakistan, groundwater reserves health in Pakistan, factors contaminating and declining groundwater resources, possible suggestions to improve the situation without compromising relations with the neighbouring country. The paper would also suggest some measures to be adopted to improve groundwater management on sustainable basis." @default.
• W2183677453 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2183677453 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W2183677453 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2183677453 title "Transboundary Groundwater Sharing and Contamination" @default.
• W2183677453 hasPublicationYear "2010" @default.
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