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• W2184048412 abstract "This chapter will discuss the dimensions over which the traditional concept of friction is being expanded by contemporary supply-chain management practices and their related usage of transportation and distribution assets. Particular emphasis will be placed on the role and function of cities in the global system of freight flows. Although the concept of friction has always been a multidimensional one, supply management expands this concept further – particularly with costs, time and reliability conditions that imply different levels of friction depending on the affected supply chains. The most salient changes provided by globalization on freight flows concern distribution. The further separated the trading partners are geographically, the more complex the related supply chains and transport systems are that support them (Spens and Bask 2002). Geographical theory has long provided a rationale about the extent to which it is possible to overcome spatial constraints, notably the friction of distance (Huff and Jenks 1968). A common theme is that improvements in transportation technology and infrastructure have been the most significant factors in reducing the friction of distance, implying that a greater amount of space could be traded for a similar amount of time. Particularly, the concept of space-time convergence (Janelle 1968; Knowles 2006) has been influenced by freight distribution on issues related to speed, economies of scale, the expansion of transport infrastructures, the efficiency of transport terminals and the use of information technologies. Yet, space/time convergence does not occur evenly. Over time, some locations gain more accessibility than others, particularly if they experience a higher level of accumulation of transport infrastructures. Accessibility often declines in relative terms and sometimes in absolute terms. After centuries of transport development, global accessibility illustrates a highly heterogeneous space that is reflected in freight distribution with a concentration around large manufacturing clusters, gateways and corridors. Cities have been the main beneficiaries of increasing accessibility as transport nexuses within the global space of flows. They are the convergence point of transportation infrastructure and services, have an extensive concentration of transport terminals and have been equipped with a high capacity system of internal circulation through personal and collective mobility. Space-time convergence is far from being a uniform process as differences in transport infrastructures and basic landscape constraints have a discriminatory effect on accessibility. Figure 4.1 represents travel time, from less than one hour to ten days, to the nearest city of more than 50,000 people. It is the outcome of an overlay of several friction-of-distance factors, including road and rail networks, navigable rivers, shipping lanes and land cover. It can be considered a proxy for global accessibility, with only 10 percent of the world’s population being more than 48 hours away from a large city. While it depicts the general improvements in the ease of accessing urban markets, it does not clearly depict the effectiveness of particular freight flows. For instance, South Asia appears highly accessible because of the density of large cities; however, the quality and capacity of inland transport infrastructures is generally poor." @default.
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• W2184048412 date "2012-09-10" @default.
• W2184048412 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2184048412 title "Supply chain management, logistics changes and the concept of friction" @default.
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• W2184048412 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203106143-13" @default.
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