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• W2184795389 abstract "Following ethical committee approval, informed consent in accordance with the code of ethm of the World Medical Association was obtained from 12 healthy male volunteers who were not cold habituated. The following submersions were completed by each subject: 1) 5°C wearing an immersion “dry” suit (DS 5), designed to keep the body dry with the exception of the face and hands. This was worn over the following underclothing: swimming trunks, cotton underwear, woollen pullover and a cotton coverall. 2) 10°C wearing the same clothing (DS IO). 3) 10°C wearing a trunk and am neoprene wet' suit (WS 10) over the same underclothing. Throughout the experiments the subjects assumed a standardised upright seated posture on a metal chair. They wore a noseclip and breathed through a mouthpiece during tach submersion. Prior to submersion the subjects rested for ten minutes in air at thermoneutral temperatures while baseline measurements werc taken, including maximum breath hold time. At the end of the pre-submersion period the subjects were lowered into the water at 0.2 m.s-’, by means of an electric winch attached to the chair, until the top of the head was just submerged. The subjects were instructed to take a slightly larger breath than normal and begin breath holding as the water crossed their chin. The subjects held their breath for as long as they could whilst submerged and were lifted from the water ten seconds after breaking their BH. During this ten second period the subjects were able to breathe through a mouthpiece open to room air. A 3-lead (lead 11) ECG (408 monitor, Tektronix, Oregon, U.S.A.) was obtained from all subjects throughout the experiments and was recorded continuously on a pen recorder. Heart rate was calculated from R-R intervals. An analysis of variance was performed on the BH and heart rate data. RESULTS No arrhythmias were observed during, or immediately following, breath holding in air in any of the subjects. The breath hold times did not differ significantly between conditions in air or water. The average heart rates recorded during BH in water (average across conditions 57 bts-min-’) were less than those recorded during rest in air (average across conditions 80 bts-min-’) and just prior to submersion (average across conditions 120 bts.min-’). When breath holding underwater the majority of subjects had heart rates which were below 60 bt.xnir-l and eight subjects developed a heart rate of less than 50 bt.min” in at least one of the conditions. Eleven of the twelve subjects, in 29 of the 36 submersions, demonstrated ectopic arrhythmias during at least one submersion. These arrhythmias occurred predominantly just prior to, and within IO seconds following the end of breath holding. Single supraventricular extrasystoles (SV[ SI), including premature atrial and junctional complexes, were the most prevalent arrhythmias and were observed in ten sub.jects in a total of 23 breath holds during submersion. Pairs of supraventricular extrasystoles or runs of supraventricular tachycardia (SV[M]) were observed at end BH in ten of the subjects in a total of 14 submersions." @default.
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• W2184795389 date "1994-01-01" @default.
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• W2184795389 title "ARRHYTHMIAS FOLLOWNG BREATH HOLDING DURING COLD WATER SUBMERSIONS" @default.
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