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• W2184876370 abstract "An Examination of the Reference Watershed Approach for TMDLs with Benthic Impairments by Rachel Cain Wagner Chairperson of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Theo A. Dillaha Department of Biological Systems Engineering The Clean Water Act is the primary water quality legislation in the United States. Within the Clean Water Act is a provision to uphold the biological integrity of the nation’s waters. The most commonly used tool to meet this provision is biological monitoring. In Virginia, benthic macroinvertebrates are used as the primary indicator of the health of stream biota. Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals without backbones that are visible to the naked eye. When the biota of a given waterbody is unhealthy or impaired, the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process is initiated. A TMDL represents the loading of a pollutant that a stream can assimilate and still meet water quality standards. Through the TMDL process, the primary stressor(s) on the biota is determined and the necessary reductions to the stressor(s) are calculated. Once the stressor(s) is identified, the reductions of the stressor that are necessary to restore the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage must be determined. For many of the stressors affecting the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage, such as nutrients and sediment, no water quality criteria have been established in Virginia. Therefore a method other than criteria-based reductions is required to determine pollutant reductions. The method that is most commonly used for TMDLs developed for benthic impairments in Virginia is the Reference Watershed Approach. In this method, a watershed is located that has similar characteristics to the impaired watershed but does not exhibit a benthic impairment. The unit-area loading of a stressor(s) in the reference watershed is established as the target level for the stressor(s) in the impaired watershed. It is expected that if the stressor load(s) in the impaired watershed can be reduced to the level(s) in the reference watershed, then the benthic community in the impaired watershed will be restored over time. This research addresses the Reference Watershed Approach aspect of the TMDL process for benthic impairments and the impacts of alternative land use sources, reference watersheds, and water quality model used on the final TMDL. Questions considered in this research include: Do the different land use sources (DOQQ and NLCD) result in different stressor loadings? Does the use of alternative water quality models (GWLF and SWAT) result in different stressor loadings? Is there a difference in stressor loadings when different reference watersheds are used? To answer these questions, Stroubles Creek, a benthically-impaired waterbody on Virginia’s 1998 303d list, was selected for study. Sediment is the primary benthic stressor and therefore the target for stressor reductions. Stroubles Creek is located in the Town of Blacksburg in Montgomery County, Virginia. Study results showed that the land use source used for determining land use parameters, the model used to determine sediment loads, and the reference watershed selected to determine the target load may all have marked effects on resulting stressor load reduction requirements. Using different land use sources, regardless of the reference watershed used, resulted in required stressor reductions that were different by greater than 10%. In one scenario (a given reference watershed being modeled with a single water quality model), the application of one of the land use sources results in 3.5 times greater reductions than application of the other land use source. With respect to water quality model selection, in two of the three scenarios considered (a single reference watershed being modeled using parameters derived from a single land use source) a difference in stressor load reduction requirements of greater than 10% resulted from using different water quality models. In one scenario, 2.8 times greater reductions were required with GWLF modeling than than with SWAT modeling. Finally, differences in stressor load reduction requirements are seen when different reference watersheds are used, regardless of the water quality model chosen for load calculation or the land use source applied for parameter development. Different reference watersheds result in a difference of as much as 73% in required reductions of sediment in the impaired watershed. In one scenario, the required reductions from using a particular reference watershed are 6.2 times as great as the required reductions resulting from using a different reference watershed. Since TMDL reports become legal documents, it is crucial to be able to consistently and scientifically determine the required reductions of stressor loading in an impaired watershed. As a result of the differences revealed in this research, alternatives to the current use of the Reference Watershed Approach must be considered. Possible alternatives include a more objective process for determining the best reference watershed for an impaired watershed, or the development of water quality standards to set the target level for many of the common stressors on the benthic assemblage. Additional options involve the use of regression equations that relate benthic stressors to the RBP II (a biological assessment score) value of a stream, or the averaging of load reduction requirements obtained from using the Reference Watershed Approach on several different reference watersheds for a single impaired watershed." @default.
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• W2184876370 date "2004-04-22" @default.
• W2184876370 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2184876370 title "AN EXAMINATION OF THE REFERENCE WATERSHED APPROACH FOR TMDLS WITH BENTHIC IMPAIRMENTS" @default.
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