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- W2185427710 abstract "The allowable levels of toxic seeds in agricultural grains vary considerably among countries. South Africa’s much stricter regulatory levels result in possibly unwarranted downgrading of grain, which has caused difficulties in its importation and exportation. This paper offers a model for evaluating the level of toxic seed that would not be deleterious to human health and would not impose impossible restraints on grain producers. Contamination of grain with seeds of plants containing toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids has caused serious intoxications worldwide. The background to pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) toxicity is discussed. Only some PAs are toxic, and there are large differences in toxicity of different species of the same genus. In South Africa, it would appear that the only serious threat of PA intoxication via grain is from Crotalaria species. For example, the model presented is applied to calculate the level of PA containing seed that should be allowed in grain in South Africa. The level found, using the strictest guidelines, is 10 Crotalaria seeds per 10 kg of grain product. This level is less restrictive than previously enforced levels. Assumptions made in the calculation, especially the possible chronic toxicity effects of other Crotalaria species that may be present in grain, however, will have to be tested to ensure that the recommendations are scientifically valid. As plants containing different toxins are present in other grain-exporting countries, different levels may have to be set, depending on the origin of grain imported." @default.
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- W2185427710 date "2003-07-01" @default.
- W2185427710 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W2185427710 title "What levels of potentially toxic seed should be allowed in grains in South Africa? I. Background and pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants : review article" @default.
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