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• W2186340725 abstract "Screening is a method used for the detection of a disease at a point in its natural history when it is not yet symptomatic. The ability to screen for a particular disease is contingent on the disease having a detectable pre-clinical phase that is long enough to permit its early detection. The logic of screening rests upon the assumption that early detection of disease may allow for interventions that alter its natural course, thereby halting disease progress and preventing the onset of adverse outcomes. In this sense, the aim of screening is generally secondary prevention. Beyond altering the course of disease, there are additional considerations that must be addressed whenever a screening strategy is proposed. The benefits that may be obtained in terms of improved health must be balanced against a variety of other factors, including cost (e.g. equipment, manpower), ethical issues (e.g. labelling of individuals who screen positive), the efficacy of interventions (e.g. effect on quality of life), and side effects (e.g. does early detection do more harm than good?). The advantages of implementing generalized screening programs for human diseases are numerous and often selfevident. Beyond the primary benefit of improving the overall health of the population, early detection in the pre-clinical phase followed by preventative measures to arrest disease progress should yield several secondary benefits, including less patient time spent with the health care professional, more time for the health care professional to treat other patients, and cost savings for patients and third-party providers (i.e., governments and insurance companies). While there are successful examples of screening for medical disorders (e.g., phenylketonuria, breast cancer, cervical cancer), routine screening programs have not been implemented for relatively common oral diseases observed in general dental practice, such as caries, periodontal disease and oral cancer. Early detection would likely reduce the morbidity associated with dental caries and periodontal disease (e.g., pain, halitosis, gingival recession,1 gingival bleeding,1 tooth loss,2 compromised oral function), and the mortality associated with oral cancer. Furthermore, valid methods already exist for the screening of these oral diseases, in accordance with the principles outlined by Wilson and Junger3 in 1968 for the World Health Organization (see sidebar). So what explains the lack of routine screening programs? I would suggest that nonmethodological factors are responsible, and propose to briefly examine these factors at two levels: screening at the dental office and screening in the general population." @default.
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• W2186340725 title "Screening for common oral diseases." @default.
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