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• W2186346089 abstract "Actions by medical bodies and governments to encourage or compel cyclists to wear helmets have greatly increased the use of them over the last 20 years, but still their basic efficacy and the effects on public safety and welfare remain under question. This chapter shows that this unsatisfactory state of affairs came about because authorities acted without due reference to scientific knowledge of brain injury and did not monitor adequately the effects of their actions. Protecting the brain from injury that results in death or chronic disablement provides the main motivation for wearing helmets. Their design has been driven by the development of synthetic polystyrene foams which can reduce the linear acceleration resulting from direct impact to the head, but scientific research shows that angular acceleration from oblique impulse is a more important cause of brain injury. Helmets are not tested for capacity to reduce it and, as Australian research first showed, they may increase it. Australia has been important in the growth of use of bicycle helmets in the world, it being the first country to act, in 1989, to make wearing compulsory. This action was taken at the instigation of surgeons who had been influential in introducing compulsory wearing of motorcycle helmets and seat belts in cars. Other countries followed this precedent, but it is a poor one because it had scant regard for the traditional rights of individuals to protect their own persons, the supporting evidence of efficacy of helmets was weak and the risk of serious casualty to cyclists was falling at the time. The introduction of compulsory wearing in Australia provided a unique opportunity to measure its efficacy in practice – but the detailed and nationally uniform monitoring of cycling and casualties needed for this was not done. Such monitoring as was done showed sharp declines in cycling with less than commensurate falls in serious casualties including deaths by head injury. Benefits of the exercise of cycling for health were lost and the risk of accident increased, possibly due to less safety in numbers: motorists seeing fewer cyclists tend to show less concern for them. But authorities have obfuscated these effects. A thorough investigation of the efficacy of helmets and effects of compulsory wearing is needed, preliminary to review of the policy, but authorities seem to be unwilling or unable to learn from experience and are resisting pressure to take such action. There would seem to be a lack of scientific understanding among road safety authorities and a need for governments to" @default.
• W2186346089 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2186346089 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W2186346089 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2186346089 title "BICYCLE HELMETS: A SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION" @default.
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