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• W2186668358 abstract "A one-dimensional view of capitalism inevitably leads to the conclusion that labour is in a state of deep crisis. However, if we examine globalization as a contradictory process, then it is possible to regard its relationship with labour as a transformative one. In this context, the decline of trade union density in developed countries and the rise of new forms of trade unionism in selected countries of the South, illustrate the contradictory relationship between labour and capital. In accordance with Marx, capitalist expansion not only does away with old forms of labour organizations, but has the tendency to create new forms of labour resistance. Similarly, Polanyi argues that attempts to disembed the economy (return to free market enterprise) from the rest of society will be resisted by societal forces. Introduction This paper argues that whether labour is in a state of crisis or whether it has the potential to move in the direction of creating a new international formation will depend on how we interpret the phenomenon of globalization. If we think that globalization is something new and a totally unprecedented phenomenon, then it is logical to conclude labour is doomed. However, if we should generalize on the grounds of certain empirical developments about the possibility of a new internationalism, then there is a possibility we could have succumbed to one-sided narrow empiricism. A one-dimensional view of globalization is not only a historical, but highly selective enterprise that might not do justice to the nature of contemporary capitalist development. By borrowing some of the ideas of Marx and Polanyi about the nature of labour resistance, this paper will argue that globalization understood as a feature of late capitalism is basically a contradictory process. Formerly with the National University of Malaysia 6 Labour-Capital Dialectic For Marx, labour power is not a commodity; it is merely a “fictitious commodity”. Since labour is not a commodity, the capitalist finds out that if workers are exploited too much, they will develop the tendency to complain and resist. Capitalism is seen as producing both misery and growing proletarian power. The history of capitalist development is the history of the dialectic between workers’ resistance to exploitation at the point of production and the efforts of capital to overcome the resistance by constantly revolutionizing production and social relations. An understanding of Marx’s theory allows us to expect constant transformation of the working class and the forms of labourcapital conflict. Changes in the realm of production and social relations may disorganize and weaken some sections of the working class, but at the same time it allows for the rise of new agencies and new forms of demands and conflicts (Marx, 1959; Singer, 2003: 18). Polanyi's concept of “embeddedness” reveals that the economy is subordinated to politics, religion and social relations; in other words, market transactions depend upon trust, mutual understanding and legal enforcement of contracts. For Polanyi, the goal of a self-regulating market is a utopian project that could never be realized. The objective of turning human beings and the environment into pure commodities would lead to the destruction of society and the natural environment. He is of the view that a completely self-regulating economy cannot be achieved because people will resist such a tendency (Polanyi, 1944; Singer 2003; Block, 2001: 7-8). It is the distinction between real and fictitious commodities that determines Polanyi’s argument. Labour, land and money are fictitious commodities because they cannot be disembedded from the larger society. Attempts to disembed the economy from society will ultimately fail due to the strong resistance from workers. The move to disembed the economy from society and the counter-movement to resist is termed “doublemovement”. According to Polanyi, the movement towards a completely self-regulating market needs the counter-movement to create stability (Block, 2001: 12). Globalization is an ambiguous concept because of the many meanings attached to it. This paper will adopt the position that globalization is basically a feature of advanced capitalism. It will differ from the conventional market-centred perspective that" @default.
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• W2186668358 date "2005-01-01" @default.
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• W2186668358 title "Travail et Mondialisation: Vers un nouvel internationalisme?" @default.
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