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• W2187066197 abstract "Background The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale is a commonly used measure of parental self-efficacy. Previous investigations of the factor structure of this instrument have been unsatisfactory and there is no adequate normative group against which at-risk groups can be compared. Methods A non-clinical sample of 586 mothers and 615 fathers completed the PSOC. Results Factor analysis produced three acceptable factors (Satisfaction, Efficacy, Interest) that accounted for 47.3% and 50.1% of the variance for mothers and fathers, respectively. Mothers reported higher efficacy than fathers, and fathers reported greater satisfaction with the parenting role than did mothers. Conclusions The PSOC contains three useful factors that reflect satisfaction with the parental role, parenting efficacy and interest in parenting. The paper provides normative data against which at-risk groups can be compared. PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE 4 Introduction Parenting self-efficacy has been strongly associated with parenting competence and child developmental outcomes (Coleman & Karraker 1998; Shumow & Lomax 2002; Jones & Prinz 2005). When parents feel confident in their ability to parent, they are likely to use more effective parenting practices which foster positive developmental outcomes for their child. This association may also reflect the effect of positive child outcomes on parental feelings of competence. Parenting self-efficacy appears to represent an important protective factor that mediates the effects of risk factors such as maternal depression and child temperament (Teti & Gelfand 1991; MacPhee et al. 1996; Gondoli & Silverberg 1997) as well as buffering the effects of adversity for families living in disadvantaged circumstances (Elder 1995; Ardelt & Eccles 2001; Jones & Prinz 2005). Thus, the promotion of parenting self-efficacy has been an important focus of many parent training programmes (e.g., Pisterman et al. 1992; Miller-Heyl et al. 1998; Sofronoff & Farbotko 2002; Hudson et al. 2003; Peterson et al. 2003). Given the importance of both identifying at-risk families and evaluating the effectiveness of parenting interventions, it is essential to have a reliable and valid measure of self-efficacy that is accompanied by robust normative data. In a recent review of the role of parental self-efficacy, Jones and Prinz (2005) identified the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale (Johnston & Mash 1989) as the most commonly used tool for measuring parental self-efficacy. However, although there have been several investigations of the factor structure of the PSOC, these remain unsatisfactory for reasons that are discussed below. In addition, there is no adequate normative group against which at-risk groups can be compared. The current study thus aimed to establish the factor PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE 5 structure of the PSOC and to provide normative data using a large, non-clinical sample of mothers and fathers. Originally developed by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman (1978, cited in Johnston & Mash 1989), the PSOC has been used extensively since Johnston and Mash provided an interpretable factor structure. Based on a sample of 297 mothers and 215 fathers of children aged 4 to 9 years, their analysis revealed four factors. However, as two were uninterpretable, they forced a two factor solution that accounted for 36% of the variance. The factors were labelled Satisfaction and Efficacy. Although Johnston and Mash included both mothers and fathers in their analysis, they did not examine the factor structure separately for these two groups. Since it has been established that mothers and fathers experience at least some parenting processes differently (Bretherton et al. 2005; Gamble et al. 2007), it seems important to examine the underlying structure of the PSOC for both sets of parents. Ohan et al. (2000) addressed this gap by reporting the factor structure for mothers and fathers separately. One hundred and ten couples who had a child between the ages of 5 and 12 years contributed to the study. Unfortunately, these numbers were too small for a confident interpretation (Tabachnick & Fidell 2001). In a second factor analysis using the combined mother-father data, three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 emerged. However, as the third factor accounted for less than 10% of the variance, a two factor solution was forced. The two factors, Satisfaction and Efficacy, accounted for 41% of the variance. The problems associated with insufficient sample size inherent in Ohan et al.'s (2000) design were overcome by Rogers and Matthews (2004) who investigated the factor PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE 6 structure of the PSOC in a large sample of 849 mothers and 329 fathers, including 283 mother-father pairs. The parents had children who were aged between 6 months and 15 years, with a mean of 4.9 years. All had been referred to, or had chosen to undertake, a parent training program. Since parents who participate in such interventions usually do so because of some concern about their child, it could be argued that this group represented a clinical rather than a general community sample. The data are thus of limited value to those interested in a normative comparison. INSERT TABLE 1 ABOUT HERE Interestingly, Rogers and Matthews (2004) reported a factor analysis that differed from the other studies mentioned above, as they found three interpretable factors which accounted for 52% and 54% of the variance for mothers and fathers, respectively. Table 1 shows the factor structure and items that loaded on each factor as reported by the three sets of authors. Clearly, there is substantial overlap. There are also, however, some important differences, the most notable of which is the three factor solution chosen by Rogers and Matthews. They identified a factor which they titled Interest as it contained two items related to level of engagement with the parenting role. Both Johnston and Mash (1989) and Ohan et al. (2000) reported finding more than two factors (4 and 3, respectively). However, both sets of authors chose to force a two factor solution and did not report the initial solution. Thus, it is not possible to determine if items 12 and 14 were implicated in these additional factors. On the basis of Johnston and Mash's finding that item 17 did not load on any factor, Rogers and Matthews administered the PSOC questionnaire without this item. PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE 7 The study reported here was intended to address all the shortcomings of the previous studies: The aim was to establish the factor structure of the PSOC for mothers and fathers separately, using a large non-clinical sample of unrelated females and males, and to include all items in this analysis. As parental education, parental age and children’s developmental stage may have some influence on parenting sense of competence, these variables were also examined." @default.
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• W2187066197 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W2187066197 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2187066197 title "FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE SCALE USING A NORMATIVE SAMPLE. (Short title: PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE)" @default.
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