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- W2187143940 abstract "Colonial and social organisms live in unambiguous groups. They are fairly well bounded spatially as well as very close to genetically identical. But across higher taxa, variation in the amount of integration between members of the group is high. The degree of polymorphism is also variable across taxa. Almost the full spectrum of individuation (intuitively recognized) occurs in some colonial or social groups, ranging from aggregates to what have been called superorganisms. Although major transitions in individuality are fairly common in nature, most lack a variety of transitional forms. Metazoans evolved from single celled ancestors, but no transitional forms exist. Sponges suffer, not from being good groups of cells, but being ambiguous in the number of sponges within a sleaze (a group of sponges). Plants and fungi, like sponges, are rametous, having multiple modules that can, but don’t have to, live separately. Variation in the degree of individuality is pervasive in colonial and social animals. Most taxa that exhibit coloniality or sociality also contain solitary forms. This provides the opportunity to identify the important processes of hierarchical evolution. It seems obvious that a division of labor among parts of a colony should be advantageous. Why don’t all colonies exhibit polymophisms? The proposed mechanisms for the origin of polymorphism is basically heterochronic changes in zooid form stabilized by genetic assimilation (Harvell 1994, Bonner 2001). Primitive colonies (be they groups of cells or groups of zooids) are monomorphic, but if they have allometric growth, then differentiation can occur by heterochrony. There is no real doubt as to the occurrence of these mechanisms, but they can’t be the only explanation because then the degree of polymorphism should be correlated with lineage age. This can’t be true because we know that some cnidarian lineages are quite old, and yet have no polymorphism. Colonies like siphonophores or doliolids, where functional specialization and integration among zooids is high, have successfully made the transition from groups of zooids to" @default.
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- W2187143940 date "2007-01-01" @default.
- W2187143940 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2187143940 title "Live together, die alone: Levels of selection in the transition to coloniality and sociality" @default.
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