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• W2187787066 abstract "The updated-Lagrangian finite element modeling of high throughput drilling of Ti-6Al-4V using a spiral point drill was conducted. In the model, the chisel and cutting edges of a spiral point drill were treated as a series of straightcutting-edge elementary cutting tools with various rake and inclination angles. The obliquecutting finite element modeling software, AdvantEdgeTM, was applied to study the cutting forces and material deformation of each elementary cutting tool. Both dry drilling and drilling with internal cutting fluid supplied through the drill body, were investigated. All drilling tests have the same high material removal rate (384 mm/s) but different cutting speeds and feeds. The thrust force and torque predicted by the finite element model matched well with experimentally measured values. The model also enables better understanding of the workmaterial deformation and drill temperatures and stresses. INTRODUCTION Drilling is a widely used machining process for hole making. It is usually one of the final steps in the fabrication of mechanical components and has considerable economical importance. The cost-effective, high throughput drilling of Titanium (Ti) alloys has proven difficult due to low thermal conductivity of Ti alloys and the subsequent high temperature and diffusion wear of the drill (Ezugwu and Wang 1997; Yang and Liu 1999). In the past decade, the cutting tool industry has advanced significantly. New cutting tool geometries and fine-grained tungsten carbide in cobalt matrix (WC-Co) tool materials have become commercially available. These advances now allow high-throughput drilling of Ti alloys at previously unachievable material removal rates (Li and Shih 2007). To achieve the cost-effective machining of Ti, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism through better modeling is necessary (Yang and Liu 1999). Benefiting from advancement of computational power, finite element modeling (FEM) is becoming a standard, commercially-available tool to analyze the machining process in recent years. FEM of metal cutting can be classified into the Eulerian and updated-Lagrangian methods. The Eulerian Transactions of NAMRI/SME 73 Volume 35, 2007 method has a fixed mesh and captures the continuous material flows around the tool tip (Strenkowksi et al. 2004). It is based on the assumption of uniform chip thickness with no segmented or discontinuous chip formation. The updated-Lagrangian method tracks a fixed material body as it approaches and passes the tool, meaning it can model complicated chip morphology. The chip is serrated in Ti machining, so the updated-Lagrangian formation is necessary to accurately model the cutting process. The continuous remeshing technique has been developed to relieve the severe mesh distortion resulting from the large-strain and high-strain rate plastic deformation in the machining process. Compared to numerous models of orthogonal and oblique cutting, the research in the FEM of drilling is limited, mainly due to the complexity of tool geometry and difficulty in modeling the large negative rake angle cutting which occurs in the drill center (at the chisel edge). Using the Eulerian formulation, Strenkowski et al. (2004) has developed the approach of dividing conventional twist drill into a series of elementary cutting tool (ECT) segments (Armarego and Cheng 1972; Wiriyacosol and Armarego 1979; Watson 1985) and applying the oblique cutting model for each ECT to predict the forces and torque in drilling. For the updated-Lagrangian method, Guo and Dornfeld (1998, 2000) have investigated 3D drilling burr formation with a split point drill, Min et al. (2001) developed a 2D burr formation model for a twist drill, and Marusich et al. (2006) simulated 3D drilling of Ti-6Al-4V using a conventional twist drill. However, the updated-Lagrangian method has not yet been applied to predict the thrust force and torque in drilling due to the technical difficulty in modeling the material deformation under the large negative rake angle at the chisel edge. The goal of this study is to expand the ECT-based oblique cutting approach to model the Ti drilling using the spiral point drill. The high-throughput drilling of Ti-6Al-4V was proven experimentally feasible (Li and Shih 2007). This created an immediate need for modeling of high-throughput Ti drilling to understand the underlying material removal mechanism. The 3D updated-Lagrangian finite element method is applied because it can simulate the complicated serrated chip formation in the high-throughput drilling. In this paper, the spiral point drill geometry is introduced first. The oblique cutting mechanics, finite element model, and validation experimental setup are then presented. Finally the model validation and modeling results are discussed. SPIRAL POINT DRILL MODEL The drill used in this paper was a 9.92 mm diameter spiral point drill (Kennametal K285A03906) with an “S”-shaped chisel edge, as shown in Figure 1. Compared to a conventional twist drill, the chisel edge of a spiral point drill has a lower negative rake angle. It is possible, therefore, for the web to participate in cutting, rather than just indenting as with a conventional twist drill. This reduces the thrust force and makes the drill self-centering (Ernst and Haggerty 1958). The tool material is WC in a 9.5 wt% Co matrix (Kennametal grade K715). In this paper, the drill chisel and cutting edges were treated as a series of ECTs. As shown in Figure 1, two ECTs are used to represent half of the chisel edge (center or web of the drill) and five ECTs are used to model the cutting edge. The whole drill cutting edge is composed of 14 ECTs, each of which is assumed to have a straight cutting edge. The length of the cutting edge of each ECT is 0.71 and 0.85 mm in the chisel and cutting edges, respectively. FIGURE 1. SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF SPIRAL POINT DRILL WITH SEVEN MARKED ECTs. Figure 2 shows the rake angle, inclination angle, and the angle between the drill axis and the ECT cutting edge of the seven ECTs. The rake angle in the chisel edge is equal to –29° and –9° for ECTs 1 and 2, respectively. Compared to a conventional twist drill with a 118° point angle and a –59° rake angle (Strenkowski et al. 2004), the spiral point drill has a significantly less negative rake angle, which generates less material deformation and makes the modeling using the updatedLagrangian method easier. 1 2 3 456 7 Transactions of NAMRI/SME 74 Volume 35, 2007 OBLIQUE CUTTING MECHANICS For each ECT, oblique cutting mechanics is applied to calculate the cutting forces in its local coordinate system. The thrust force and torque of the whole drill is calculated from the sum of forces on each ECT through a coordinate transformation from each local ECT coordinate system to the global (drill) coordinate system. Figure 3 shows the oblique cutting model of an ECT. An orthogonal coordinate system with the X-axis in the cutting direction and the Z-axis perpendicular to the plane determined by the Xaxis and the straight cutting edge is defined for each ECT. The Y-axis is perpendicular to the Xand Z-axes to form a right-handed coordinate system. The force component along the X-axis direction, Fc, generates the torque (denoted as T), while the force components in the Y-axis, Fl and in the Z-axis, Ft, comprise FTh, which is the thrust force parallel to the drill-axis (Bono and Ni 2001)." @default.
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• W2187787066 title "FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT DRILLING OF TI-6AL-4V" @default.
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