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• W2187794391 abstract "(ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.)The overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974 left Ethiopia with a power vacuum to be filled and a revolution to be defined. When a council of low-ranking military officers, known as the Derg, took charge of the revolutionary process, its legitimacy was vehemently disputed by leftist civilian organizations, which drew their strength and political perspectives from the formidable student movement. By late 1976, a double helix of conflicts was rapidly engulfing urban Ethiopia-one strand was the confrontation between the military regime and its civilian opponents, the other the contest among the civilian left itself. In the following two years, thousands of Ethiopians, most of them young and many of them educated, lost their lives to competing campaigns of revolutionary terror. This violence was carried out in the name of the opposition People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP), or more commonly, of the military regime and those political organizations, led by the All Ethiopia Socialist Movement (Meison), that had allied themselves with the government. The Terror transformed not only the political but also the social and cultural landscapes of Ethiopia. No realm of urban life remained untouched by the period's violence.The Terror years have been written about and memorialized as a period of sustained state terror.1 The EPRDF's Terror trials, which ran for the better part of two decades following the overthrow of the Derg 2 limited themselves to the prosecution of violence carried out in the name of the state and assumed considerable centralized control in their verdicts on senior government figures.3 Similarly, the Ethiopian Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum, which opened in Addis Ababa's Meskel Square in 2010, conveys a simple narrative of state perpetrators and civilian victims, with no regard to shifts in agency and mode of violence. Such conceptualizations are problematic, obscuring as much as they reveal. For not only do they marginalize or disregard the competing campaigns of revolutionary violence that defined the Terror, most notably the EPRP's sustained assassination campaign4; they also ignore the complex nature of the state's own violence, which underwent consequential changes as the agency of local actors and the control of the military regime shifted over time. State terror in revolutionary Ethiopia was the outcome of a process, not a constant state of affairs, and it showed itself in varying guises. The dynamics of violence that defined this process and the legacies that it bequeathed to state-society relations in Ethiopia for subsequent decades are the subject of this article.Following an initial phase dominated by paralyzing power struggles within the Derg, the development of revolutionary state terror in Ethiopia went through two interrelated but distinct stages. The first, beginning in February 1977, was a period of decentralization, in which the regime's adoption of new strategies of revolutionary violence-the arming of citizens, the institution of comprehensive search campaigns, and the convocation of so-called mass-confession sessions-decentralized the state's means of violence. This led to a plethora of localized reigns of terror. As a result of this process, the Terror was never merely a conflict between competing political groups. Its violence was as much bottom-up as it was top-down, produced by supra-local and local actors in synergistic but often distinguishable ways. It was reflective of local agendas as well as of the Terror's political master cleavage. The second stage, which began to emerge in July 1977, witnessed a re-assertion of the military regime's claims on the exercise of revolutionary violence, leading to an institutionalization and bureaucratization of violent practices that would define and indeed outlast the Derg's rule. This process of bureaucratization, whereby collective violence was normalized and brought under state control, has scarcely received any attention in the historiography of the revolution. …" @default.
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• W2187794391 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W2187794391 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2187794391 title "“Let the Red Terror intensify” : political violence, governance and society in urban Ethiopia, 1976–78." @default.
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