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- W2188001471 abstract "SUMMARY The addition of sucrose to a chemically denned culture medium caused intense cytoplasmic vacuolation of the perichondrial, oesteogenic and articular cartilage cells of limb-bone rudiments from 8^-day embryonic chicks grown in organ culture. The rest of the cartilage appeared unaffected by the sugar. The osteocytes were intensely vacuolated; the bone matrix was much less dense than that of the controls and had an abnormal fibrillar structure. When the explants were transferred to medium without sucrose, after 6 days vacuolation had almost disappeared. The effect of the sucrose was dose-dependent; at a concentration of C32M the sugar was highly toxic; at OI6 M the explants survived and vacuolation of the chondrocytes extended further into the cartilage than at O-O8M. A similar vacuolation of the cells in response to sucrose was seen in the isolated shafts of the limb-bones and in the mandibular rami from 11- to 13-day embryos; in the sucrose-treated explants osteogenesis was arrested and in places the bone showed osteolytic changes. In the absence of glucose, 8^-day limb-bone rudiments failed to grow and rapidly degenerated in medium containing 008 M sucrose, indicating that sucrose was very little if at all metabolized. Explants of 8£-day rudiments grown for 8 days in the presence of OO8M glucose showed no vacuolation; dextran had some effect, and both mannitol and sorbitol caused vacuolation. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The phenomenon of 'pinocytosis'—the ingestion of fluid—was first observed in metazoan cells by Lewis (1931) in studies on living cell cultures in vitro; he writes: 'Certain cells in our cultures, especially the macrophages, take in globules of fluid from the surrounding medium.' Lewis fully appreciated the physiological significance of this process: 'By pinocytosis the cells are able to take in substances which cannot diffuse into them or be taken in by ordinary phagocytosis of semi-solid particles. The importance of this phenomenon in cellular metabolism and in the economy of intracellular fluids, seems almost self-evident.' Although other workers confirmed Lewis's observations and recorded pinocytosis in other cell types, for many years the phenomenon aroused little interest, and its importance was not realized until the close relationship between pinocytosis and the lysosomal system was discovered (for review see Jacques, 1966). Nowadays phagocytosis and pinocytosis are usually included under the single term ' endocytosis' (de Duve, 1963) as they are • Member of Medical Research Council's External Staff." @default.
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- W2188001471 title "ENDOCYTOSIS OF SUGARS IN EMBRYONIC" @default.
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