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- W2188129664 abstract "Introduction: Alzheimer Dementia (AD) is a primary dementia with a complex pathogeny. Genetic, endocrine, immunological and environmental factors contribute in various degrees to cognitive deterioration. Objectives: The present paper summarizes the complex interactions between genetic, endocrine and immunological factors that may be involved in the development of AD, or may aggravate it. Material and Method: The possible links between immunologic and endocrine factors associated with AD were collected from data published in psychiatry, immunology and endocrinology journals. The research focused on hormones that are involved in cell metabolism and growth (insulin and somatostatin) and in cell metabolism and cognitive functioning (thyroid hormones). Results: Neuronal activity is influenced by neurotransmitters, hormones and cytokines (interleukins) that use secondary messengers to influence enzymes (GSK-3â) and gene transcription factors. Through protein phosphorylation, GSK-3â controls synaptic transmission (voltage-dependent calcium channels), synaptic structure (â catenin), intra-axonal transmission (protein tau), and neuronal metabolism. There are complex reciprocal relationships between neurotransmitters, hormones and cytokines. Amyloid â stimulates the immune response. Enzymes that reduce amyloid â42 levels (IDE / insulindegrading enzyme, neprilysin) also catabolize insulin (IDE), or are stimulated by somatostatin (neprilysin). Aging people and AD patients have low brain levels of somatostatin, a hormone that regulates insulin and TSH secretion. Conclusion: AD may be independently associated with overt autoimmune or with subclinical hypothyroidism, as well as with insulin and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. These conditions may enhance the cognitive deterioration and therefore, it is important to be identified and corrected. Also, a possible target in the treatment of diabetes and AD may be the enzyme GSK-3â, using GSK-3 inhibitors." @default.
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- W2188129664 date "2011-01-01" @default.
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- W2188129664 title "IMMUNO-ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES IN ALZHEIMER DEMENTIA" @default.
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