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• W2188675099 abstract "METHODS: >99.94% of the adherent endotoxin was removed from cpTi particles (Johnson Matthey, 75%<6.5µm) without affecting their size or shape [2]. Adherent endotoxin was added back to these “endotoxin-free” particles by incubation with 1.5µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma) followed by washing 10x with PBS to remove any unbound LPS. Murine marrow cells [1, 3] or human peripheral blood monocytes [4] were cultured with or without particles and conditioned media collected as described [1, 3]. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA and the ability of the conditioned media to stimulate osteoclast differentiation was determined in co-cultures of murine spleen cells and CIMC-4 mesenchymal support cells [1, 3]. The in vivo effects of the cpTi particles were determined using a quantitative version [5] of the murine calvarial model of particle-induced osteolysis [6]. All data are presented as means + SEM (n=6, except Fig. 2A where n=3). Statistical analyses were by ANOVA. RESULTS: To determine whether the results of the endotoxin removal experiments are due to altered physico-chemical properties and/or removal of molecules other than endotoxin, we performed two types of experiments. First, we found that adding back LPS to the “endotoxin-free” particles restores their ability to stimulate osteoclast differentiation (p<0.0001, Fig. 1). Second, we performed studies that do not rely on removal of the adherent endotoxin. Thus, we compared responses to cpTi particles by marrow cells from LPS hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice [7] with those from normoresponsive C3H/HeSnJ and C57Bl/6 mice. Significantly less IL-1β (p<0.0001, Fig. 2A), IL-6 (p<0.0001, not shown), and TNF-α (p<0.0001, not shown) are produced by marrow cells from hyporesponsive mice than from normoresponsive mice. In addition, conditioned media from marrow cells of hyporesponsive mice incubated with cpTi particles induce significntly less osteoclast differentiation than do conditioned media from normoresponsive mice (p<0.0001, Fig. 2B). To determine whether human cells respond similarly to murine marrow cells, we studied human peripheral blood monocytes. cpTi particles with adherent endotoxin stimulate human peripheral blood monocytes to produce conditioned media that potently stimulate osteoclast differentiation (p<0.0001, Fig. 3). However, as we have seen with murine marrow cells, the “endotoxin-free” cpTi particles have no detectable effect on the human monocytes (Fig. 3). To determine whether the in vitro experiments reflect in vivo processes, we used a quantitative version [4] of the murine calvarial model of particleinduced osteolysis [5]. As seen in vitro, the “endotoxin-free” cpTi particles induce significantly less osteolysis in vivo than the cpTi particles with adherent endotoxin (p<0.0001, Fig. 4). DISCUSSION: The results of this study address the limitations of our previous experiments that are listed in the introduction. Taken together with our previous results [3], this study provides strong evidence that adherent endotoxin is involved in the in vitro effects of wear particles. This conclusion is consistent with preliminary reports from other labs [8-10]. In addition, our animal experiments also demonstrate that endotoxin is likely to be involved in vivo. Our results with cells from the C3H/HeJ mice also demonstrate that the mechanism by which adherent endotoxin activates marrow cells involves the Toll-like receptor-4, since a mutation in this gene is responsible for endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in these mice [11]. The Toll-like receptor family has recently been shown to act, in combination with CD14, as the high affinity receptor for endotoxin in solution. Our results are the first demonstration that adherent endotoxin also acts through this mechanism." @default.
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• W2188675099 date "2000-01-01" @default.
• W2188675099 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2188675099 title "IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF ADHERENT ENDOTOXIN IN ORTHOPAEDIC WEAR PARTICLE-INDUCED OSTEOLYSIS" @default.
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