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• W2189231448 abstract "Ash formation during the fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of pulp and paper mill sludges has been experimentally studied on an industrial and bench scale. The methods included aerosol measurements, chemical and crystalline composition analyses, thermogravimetry and electron microscopy. Fly ash mass and number size distributions and elemental enrichment in submicron particles and bottom ash were measured. Fly ash, bottom ash and ash deposits were characterized and their formation mechanisms are discussed. Fly ash included over 90 % of the ash-forming species, the rest remaining in the bed. The ash-forming minerals were fine paper-making additives, clay minerals and calcite, located within the sludge fibers. During combustion the minerals sintered, forming porous agglomerates. The mineral structure was transformed into amorphous phases, calcium silicates and alkali silicates in the fly ash. Increased ash residence time in the furnace enhanced the silicate formation. The fly ash mass mean size was 7.5-15 μm and the ash did not fragment much into submicron particles. The supermicron particles included 93.6-97.3 % of the fly ash. Condensation of the volatilized inorganic species formed spherical submicron particles in the fly ash. Their mass concentration was almost negligible when co-firing paper mill sludges and wood. Correspondingly, no significant enrichment of the volatile inorganic species or trace elements in the ultrafine ash was detected during paper mill sludge and wood firing suggesting that the fraction of the volatilized inorganic species in the paper mill sludges was low. Results from pulp mill sludge and bark co-firing were different. This fuel mixture produced a clear mass mode below 0.3 μm, presenting 2.2-5.0 weight-%" @default.
• W2189231448 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2189231448 creator A5012049699 @default.
• W2189231448 date "1998-01-01" @default.
• W2189231448 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2189231448 title "Experimental studies on pulp and paper mill sludge ash behavior in fluidized bed combustors" @default.
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• W2189231448 hasPublicationYear "1998" @default.
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