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- W218934204 abstract "This study examined middle school instrumentalists' (N = 69 seventh- and eighth- grade band students) ability to perceive expression in the unaltered performances of expert musicians. Ten expert musicians performed brief musical excerpts both expressively and non-expressively and participants rated the expressivity on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Results indicated that regardless of grade level or lesson experience, students' ability to perceive expressive performances is greater than their ability to perceive non-expressive performances. Additionally, students showed preferences for performances by the same instrument they play. Descriptive reasons for highly rating an expressive performance reflected both structural and emotional qualities. Music has long been thought of as a mode of communication and vehicle for expression, yet no two people will derive the same meaning upon hearing the same piece of music, nor will they perform it exactly the same way. It is widely agreed, however, that the musical elements that contribute to an expressive performance include variations in timing, dynamics (or intensity), articulation, timbre, and pitch. The perception of expression in music is dependent upon both what the composer writes and how the performer interprets it, as well as the perceiver s sociocultural identity (Scherer & Zentner, 2001, p. 364) or what Reimer (2003) would call our culturally supplied expectation system (p. 72). By the time children reach the instrumental music classroom, they have both passively and actively listened to music for years. They have memorized simple songs and popular tunes and upon hearing just a few notes or words, they recognize these songs instantly. Like language, children acquire the ability to recognize music and discriminate its basic properties, such as high and low or fast and slow, simply through exposure in their normal environment (Darrow, 1990). Further, the expressive elements of music are among the most common to be apprehended by all listeners - including children (Flowers, 1990). The study of expression in music is addressed from two principal vantage points - that of the perceiver and that of the performer - both of who make inferences about the music itself based on its structure and/or their expectation. Many researchers have examined the physical properties, or what Clarke (1988) calls the sources, of expression in music. More recently, computers have been used to quantify and/or control some of the generative sources such as timing, dynamics, and onset (or articulation) in expressive performances (Burnsed, 1998, 2001; Burnsed & Sochinski, 1995; Gabrielsson, 1988; Palmer, 1996; Woody, 2002a, 2003). Two other approaches to research on expression have been adjective descriptor research and psychological aesthetics research (Radocy and Boyle, 1997). The similarities of the two overlap in the type of dependent variables used, which are commonly descriptive scales, evaluative scales, and internal state scales (Radocy & Boyle, 1997). Still others have created instruments to measure expression in music such as Broomhead's Expressive Performance Achievement Measure (2001) and Hoffren's Test of Expressive Phrasing in Music (1964), as well as instruments to measure response to music, such as the Continuous Response Digital Interface (Madsen, 1990). Many studies of expression in music focus on perception. For example, one method asked both musicians and non-musicians (college-age and children) to simply indicate whether a performance was expressive or non-expressive (Crist, 1996; Rodriquez, 1998) or to rate the expressivity of a performance (Kinney, 2001). Generally, both musicians and non-musicians (college-age and children) could successfully complete this task. In a study designed to replicate their earlier research in music listening, Geringer and Madsen (1996) asked musicians and non-musicians to listen to recordings of Western classical music that prominently featured the musical elements of rhythm, dynamics, timbre, and melody. …" @default.
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- W218934204 date "2005-07-01" @default.
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- W218934204 title "Middle School Instrumentalists' Perceptions of Expression in Music" @default.
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