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• W2193173713 abstract "Understanding how environmental variability influences species fitness is important for predicting species persistence in changing environments. Environments are highly variable and organisms have discrete physiological limits which determine the range of conditions they can tolerate. Daily thermal fluctuations (DTFs) impact the capacity of ectotherms to maintain performance and energetic demands due to thermodynamic effects on physiological rates. However, organisms can also flexibly alter their phenotype in order to maintain fitness in variable environments. Ectotherms experiencing DTFs would benefit from mechanisms which reduce the thermal sensitivity of physiological traits and buffer energetic costs. Furthermore, energetic consequences of DTFs may be exacerbated by the presence of additional stressors. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can increase energy requirements due to the repair of UVR induced damage. The costs of UVR exposure may cause energy trade-offs which exacerbate consequences of DTFs, and reduce the capacity to flexibly alter phenotypes. Importantly, temperature and UVR are also linked in their effects on cellular function as exposure to temperature extremes and UVR causes cellular damage that induces common protective mechanisms. Interactive effects of these environmental drivers on mechanistic traits may explain whole animal responses. Understanding what drives responses to temperature variation and the interactive effects between environmental stressors will broaden our understanding of how animals respond to environmental variation. The overarching aim of this thesis was to investigate physiological mechanisms underlying responses to DTFs and exposure to UVR in amphibian larvae. The capacity to flexibly alter the thermal sensitivity of traits in response to DTFs may depend on the degree of environmental DTF species experience. The first specific aim of this thesis was to investigate whether plasticity in response to DTFs is influenced by the thermal variability of a species’ habitat (Chapter 2). Tadpoles of three related species whose habitats vary in the degree of DTF were raised in stable temperatures and conditions in which temperatures fluctuated daily. Plasticity of upper thermal limits and the thermal sensitivity of swimming performance, resting metabolic rate and metabolic enzyme activity were examined. Environmental variation in species habitats did not predict the capacity to alter physiological rate processes. Tadpoles were unable to reduce the thermal sensitivity of physiology traits, which led to smaller body sizes and altered the length of development in a species specific fashion. DTFs increased upper thermal limits which may buffer tadpoles from the lethal consequences of temperature extremes. The effects of DTFs on growth and development however, will likely negatively impact individual fitness. The second specific aim of this thesis was to investigate whether UVR exposure alters the physiological response to DTFs (Chapter 3). Tadpoles were raised in stable or daily fluctuating temperature conditions under high or low UVR levels, and the plasticity of upper thermal limits and the thermal sensitivity of swimming performance and resting metabolic rate were examined. Temperature and UVR exposure had an interactive effect, with DTFs reducing survival and increasing upper thermal limits only in tadpoles exposed to UVR. Tadpoles (Platypletrum ornatum) which inhabit ephemeral pools characterised by large DTFs and high UVR were inherently thermally insensitive for burst swimming performance and metabolic rate at high temperatures, and these traits were not affected by temperature or UVR treatments. Inherent thermal insensitivity may buffer development from the energetic challenges of such variable environments. Interactive effects of temperature and UVR exposure may reflect responses of lower level mechanistic traits. The third specific aim of this thesis was to investigate the interactive effects of temperature and UVR on upper thermal limits, heat shock protein (Hsp) abundance, antioxidant activity and oxidative damage (Chapter 4). Tadpoles were exposed to cold, warm or daily fluctuating temperature treatments in the presence or absence of UVR. Upper thermal limits were determined by an interaction between temperature and UVR. Ultraviolet radiation increased upper thermal limits in cold acclimated tadpoles and reduced upper thermal limits in warm acclimated tadpoles. This interactive effect was not explained by the relative abundance of Hsp70. Oxidative damage and antioxidant activity were influenced by UVR and temperature respectively, however there were no interactive effects. Understanding the interactive effects of multiple stressors on thermal tolerance is important to predict responses to environmental variation. Thermal tolerance is however, a complex trait and may not be readily explained by a subset of molecular and cellular mechanisms. This research has contributed to a broader understanding of the physiological consequences of DTFs and UVR in amphibian larvae. The results highlight that responses to DTFs may be species specific which may influence survival in variable environments, and that consequences of DTFs are exacerbated by exposure to UVR. Importantly, interactive effects between stressors determined physiological limits. Responses to these environmental drivers are complex and likely determined by interactions among a range of mechanistic traits. Physiological responses to different scales of temperature variation and the interactive effects of multiple stressors determine how animals function, and may ultimately determine population persistence in changing environments." @default.
• W2193173713 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2193173713 creator A5048228395 @default.
• W2193173713 date "2015-11-16" @default.
• W2193173713 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2193173713 title "Physiological responses to daily temperature variation and ultraviolet radiation in amphibian larvae" @default.
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