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• W2196989717 abstract "1. IntroductionThe present structure of Union Parishad (hereafter UP only) in Bangladesh was laid down by the British colonial rulers in 1870. Since from the colonial era there was hardly any provision of women representation in the UP. In fact women's representation in the UP was ensured in 1997 which provided one-third reservation of women. In a traditional society like Bangladesh just after securing their entry into the scene of local governance in the UP, women leaders (WLs) needed to encounter immense barriers to coexist with their male counterparts for playing their role and participation in the UP. Since their reservation, these women leaders have already passed about two decades and several terms in the UP amidst massive struggle and conflict. My paper is based on the argument that within this two decades time span, through their prolonged and ceaseless struggle towards playing their roles in the UP, these women leaders have ushered a few positive changes in the sphere of rural governance but there are lacks of such evidences in the existing literature. Against such a backdrop, this paper aimed at uncovering the research questions: i) what were the major challenges women leaders (WLs) encountered towards playing their role in the UP? ii) How did these WLs change rural governance through their leadership performance?2. Methodology of the PaperThis paper is prepared from a Ph.D. dissertation and hence based on a few in-depth case studies comprising one case on Woman Chairperson, two cases on Women Members and one case on a particular UP, this paper aimed at delving into the major challenges and contributions to governance of the WLs while playing their role and participation in the UP affairs. To address the research questions, all these cases were abridged substantively deducting some data in order to make the cases focused and pin pointed. This paper is mainly based on primary data. These data were collected during July-December 2013. To support primary data some secondary data were also used. Following the principles of the qualitative method1 the selected cases were chosen based on purposeful selection and easy access from different socio-cultural zones2 of Bangladesh. However, sample design3 of the whole research is given in Table 1 below.3. Women's Representation in Local Government in BangladeshLocal government (LG) in this sub-continent has its deep roots in the past. The British colonial rule founded the cornerstone of today's Union Parishad in the undivided Indian subcontinent with the Village Chowkidary Act of 1870. After the end of British rule in India in 1947, India and Pakistan emerged as two different states. Afterwards, Bangladesh achieved its independence in 1971 and inherited the LG system from Pakistan with some modifications in its structure. Since from 1870 the functionaries of local government1 were always in the hands of males (Chowdhury, Islam and Mahtab, 1994:6) and rights to vote in the local bodies were dependent on the educational qualification, possession of property and tax payment etc. (Smock, 1977:117; Women for Women, 1992). Although women's representation in the political community was allowed by the Government of India Act in 1935 (Forbes, 2002) but women for the first time took part in the election of the rural local bodies in 1956 (Rashiduzzaman, 1968; Inter Parliamentary Union, 1987). Following this provision during Pakistan regime only one female candidate was elected in the UP election of 1956 and 1969. After independence of Bangladesh, in the first UP election of 1973, out of 4352 UPs, only one woman from Rangpur district was elected as UP Chairman (Alam and Begum, 1974: 38-51). Afterwards, women's representation to local government was enshrined by two presidential ordinances namely the Local Government Ordinance of 1976 and the Municipal Ordinance of 1976, which provided a provision of nomination of 2 women members in the UP. Regarding women's representation in the UP, important development took place during Ershad regime2 through the passage of the Local Government (Upazila Parishad and Upazila Administration Reorganization) Ordinance of 1982 and the Local Government (Union Parishad) Ordinance of 1983. …" @default.
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• W2196989717 date "2015-07-01" @default.
• W2196989717 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2196989717 title "Empirical Evidences on How Women Leaders Changing Governance in the Grassroots Based Local Government of Bangladesh" @default.
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