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• W2198681213 abstract "IntroductionImproved health care depends on obtaining high quality evidence from a variety of sources as, at times, even translating good clinical evidence into practice can be problematic (1-3). Health care evidence is based around findings from robust and often large scale clinical trials, preferably randomized controlled trials. However the way in which large scale trials are set up and resourced is rarely replicable in routine health care settings, and while the results from such trials may be able to tell us 'what' works, they are not always able to not always 'how' and 'why' something may work in a particular setting or with a particular population, meaning that the same convincing results may not be replicated in other settings (4). Therefore recent calls have been made to widen the appreciation of different forms of evidence to ensure the timely and effective translation of evidence into practice.In this paper, we critically appraise evidence derived from qualitative research; specifically the ways in which data from focus group methodology can inform practice in community based health care. To briefly describe what qualitative research involves it is helpful at the same time to describe what it is not. Qualitative research methods do not use 'experimental' research designs, but rather draw on methodologies that include forms of interviews, focus groups, diaries, and observations (5). Therefore for each research project, qualitative researchers create a methodology that they believe will generate the data needed to best inform the research question (6). Qualitative studies do not rely on large numbers to make the results 'representative' of a particular population, and often include twenty or thirty participants, emphasizing depth rather than breadth. As research is carried out in natural settings, often with purposively selected participants, researchers do not claim that the results are replicable or 'reliable', although they remain accurate and insightful accounts of reported (and at times observed) behaviors (7).The reason we have introduced the terms 'reliable' and 'representative' (only to dismiss them) is because bio-medical accounts of qualitative research tend to use these concepts to emphasize the limitations of qualitative research, rather than assess its strengths using more appropriate concepts (8). However, calls have been repeatedly made to critically evaluate qualitative research using more appropriate criteria, and some changes have been made to appraise qualitative research to enable it to be incorporated into practice (9,10). The fact remains that qualitative research is rarely cited in the critical summaries of evidence that often inform the development of practice, and there is a tendency to see qualitative evidence in a supportive, rather than directive, role. For example, reviews carried out by the Cochrane Collaboration (www.Cochrane.org), which are developed to assess the best interventions studies, inevitably exclude qualitative research as many such research studies are exploratory and hypothesis generating and do not present their findings in ways which meet the review criteria. Yet through conversations with some clinical colleagues we are left with the suspicion that the reasons for excluding so many qualitative studies from Cochrane Collaboration reviews are poorly understood in the wider community and seen as an indicator of the (poor) quality of these studies rather than their adherence to alternative paradigms and reporting methods (8).In recognition of the repeated exclusion of qualitative research from major reviews of evidence, the Cochrane Collaboration has established the Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group to develop a means of incorporating the results of qualitative of research into its reviews. While this represents a very positive move, the melding of qualitative research into evidence for other audiences can be an uneasy compromise, as the process can require qualitative research to take on elements of quantitative research design (11). …" @default.
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• W2198681213 title "Talking to women about smoking: informing policy and developing effective practice." @default.
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