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- W2205651936 abstract "It has been more than 2 decades since the initial reports on autologous transplantation for follicular lymphoma [1Rohatiner A.Z.S. Price C.G.A. Amott S. et al.Myeloablative therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation as consolidation of remission in patients with follicular lymphoma.Ann Oncol. 1991; 2: 147Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar, 2Freedman A.S. Ritz J. Neuberg D. et al.Autologous bone marrow transplantation in 69 patients with a history of low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Blood. 1991; 77: 2524-2529Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. These studies were paradigm changing because they provided the first evidence of a curative therapy in this chronically relapsing illness. However, autologous transplantation was effective in only a fraction of carefully selected patients with chemotherapy-sensitive disease. Relapse rates were high, possibly caused by infusion of occult lymphoma cells [3Gribben J.G. Freedman A.S. Neuberg D. et al.Immunologic purging of marrow assessed by PCR before autologous bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoma.N Engl J Med. 1991; 325 ([see comments]): 1525-1533Crossref PubMed Scopus (660) Google Scholar]. Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia, mostly occurring in the first 5 years after transplant, emerged as a considerable problem, attributable to conditioning, to prior treatment, and possibly to stem cell mobilization method [4Tarella C. Passera R. Magni M. et al.Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab: a 20-year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma.J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 814-824Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 5Montoto S. Canals C. Rohatiner A.Z. et al.Long-term follow-up of high-dose treatment with autologous haematopoietic progenitor cell support in 693 patients with follicular lymphoma: an EBMT registry study.Leukemia. 2007; 21: 2324-2331Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar]. Allogeneic transplantation was soon found to have a very low incidence of disease recurrence but also a high early mortality [6van Besien K. Sobocinski K. Rowlings P. et al.Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for low grade lymphoma.Blood. 1998; 92: 1832-1836PubMed Google Scholar]. Three prior studies have compared autologous and allogeneic transplantation with consistent conclusions: allogeneic transplantation has much higher treatment-related mortality, regardless of conditioning intensity, but lower rates of recurrence [7van Besien K. Loberiza F.R. Bajorunaite R. et al.Comparison of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma.Blood. 2003; 102: 3521-3529Crossref PubMed Scopus (310) Google Scholar, 8Robinson S.P. Canals C. Luang J.J. et al.The outcome of reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation and autologous stem cell transplantation when performed as a first transplant strategy in relapsed follicular lymphoma: an analysis from the Lymphoma Working Party of the EBMT.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013; 48: 1409-1414Crossref PubMed Scopus (50) Google Scholar, 9Evens A.M. Vanderplas A. LaCasce A.S. et al.Stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma relapsed/refractory after prior rituximab: a comprehensive analysis from the NCCN lymphoma outcomes project.Cancer. 2013; 119: 3662-3671Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar]. In this issue, Klyuchnikov et al. [10Klyuchnikov E. Bacher U. Kroger N.M. et al.Reduced-intensity allografting as first transplantation approach in relapsed/refractory grades one and two follicular lymphoma provides improved outcomes in long-term survivors.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015; 21 ([in this issue]): 2091-2099Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar] address the same issue again, from a somewhat different angle: They include only patients with prior exposure to rituximab, only allo-transplants undergoing reduced-intensity conditioning, and limit their analysis to patients with follicular grades I and II disease. They find that allogeneic transplant recipients tend to have more advanced disease, die much more frequently from complications, and relapse less. Patients with high lactate dehydrogenase and poor performance status have higher rates of nonrelapse mortality. Short initial responses, extranodal disease, and chemotherapy refractoriness all predict for higher rates of relapse and/or lower progression-free survival, and older patients (age > 60) have worse survival. Among long-term survivors, 60% of allogeneic transplant recipients have chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The incidence of secondary malignancies is similar between both groups, with more hematologic malignancies in autologous transplants and more solid tumors in allogeneic transplants. None of these observations is much different from those in previous studies and leaves one with a familiar conundrum: the balance of early toxicity and late relapse. In an attempt to resolve this issue, the investigators then focus on patients still in remission at 2 years. A landmark analysis of this subset shows a lower relapse rate and a better survival at 10 years in the allogeneic recipients, in part because of ongoing relapses in autologous transplant patients. They conclude that compared with autologous transplantation, reduced-intensity allogeneic transplant leads to better outcomes in long-term survivors. This conclusion is unfortunately not very useful for treatment guidance, because one cannot ahead of time predict whether a patient will survive in remission for 2 years, relapse before then, or die of complications. It may also be flawed. It is likely that the risk profile of the patients surviving in remission at 2 years is quite different and more favorable from that of the initial study population, because more of the sickest patients will have died and/or relapsed by then. Also, because early nonrelapse mortality affects allogeneic recipients disproportionately, better survival of the allogeneic transplant patients beyond 2 years may simply reflect the more favorable initial disease characteristics of the allogeneic transplant survivors, rather than the impact of the allogeneic procedure. The investigators emphasize the continuing risk of recurrence after autologous transplantation. However, although there is a continuing risk of disease recurrence beyond 2 years, the relapse curves of autologous transplant recipients also flatten out at about 5 years. The data in fact are consistent with those of others who find a cure rate for autologous transplant, even in the rituximab era, in the range of 40% to 50% [4Tarella C. Passera R. Magni M. et al.Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab: a 20-year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma.J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 814-824Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 11Sebban C. Brice P. Delarue R. et al.Impact of rituximab and/or high-dose therapy with autotransplant at time of relapse in patients with follicular lymphoma: a GELA study.J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 3614-3620Crossref PubMed Scopus (124) Google Scholar]. Finally, one should not overlook the fact that up to 60% of allogeneic transplant survivors have chronic GVHD. Chronic GVHD has multiple detrimental effects on quality of life [12Pidala J. Kurland B. Chai X. et al.Patient-reported quality of life is associated with severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease as measured by NIH criteria: report on baseline data from the Chronic GVHD Consortium.Blood. 2011; 117: 4651-4657Crossref PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar] and results in an ongoing risk of late mortality, extending for decades after allogeneic transplantation [13Bhatia S. Francisco L. Carter A. et al.Late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and functional status of long-term survivors: report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study.Blood. 2007; 110: 3784-3792Crossref PubMed Scopus (392) Google Scholar, 14Boyiadzis M. Arora M. Klein J. et al.Impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease on late relapse and survival on 7489 patients after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for leukemia.Clin Cancer Res. 2015; 21: 2020-2028Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar]. In this regard, the median follow-up of patients in the current study is—at 5 years—relatively short. More nonrelapse deaths and ongoing morbidity should be expected in the allogeneic group as time goes along. What then do we recommend to those patients who, despite optimal front-line therapy, suffer an early recurrence of follicular lymphoma? In such patients there remains a considerable role for treatment with curative intent, using either autologous or allogeneic transplantation, and the authors' observation that results have improved in the past decade is quite reassuring. But the choice between allogeneic and autologous transplantation remains far from straightforward. The goal of transplant should be to cure as many patients as possible with a minimum of short- and long-term sequelae. We continue to recommend autologous transplantation for patients with complete responses to salvage therapy and who have sufficient stem cells collected. Interestingly, more recent data suggest that for autologous transplantation, total body irradiation, previously avoided for fear of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and used in only 14% of patients in the current series, is more effective than BEAM and not more toxic, and we have occasionally recommended it [4Tarella C. Passera R. Magni M. et al.Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab: a 20-year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma.J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 814-824Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 15El-Najjar I. Boumendil A. Luan J.J. et al.The impact of total body irradiation on the outcome of patients with follicular lymphoma treated with autologous stem-cell transplantation in the modern era: a retrospective study of the EBMT Lymphoma Working Party.Ann Oncol. 2014; 25: 2224-2229Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar]. We recommend allogeneic transplantation mostly for those with less than complete responses, those without adequate stem cell reserve, and those who relapse after autologous transplantation. To avoid intractable chronic GVHD, we recommend in vivo T cell depletion [16Kenkre V.P. Horowitz S. Artz A.S. et al.T-cell-depleted allogeneic transplant without donor leukocyte infusions results in excellent long-term survival in patients with multiply relapsed Lymphoma. Predictors for survival after transplant relapse.Leuk Lymphoma. 2011; 52: 214-222Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar]. Admittedly, the risk for disease recurrence is slightly increased, but overall survival similar, and GVHD-free survival likely superior [17Segovia J. van Besien K. Antithymocyte globulin for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis: mistakenly maligned.Leuk Lymphoma. 2015; 56: 841-842Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 18Delgado J. Canals C. Attal M. et al.The role of in vivo T-cell depletion on reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation from HLA-identical siblings in patients with follicular lymphoma.Leukemia. 2011; 25: 551-555Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar]. Financial disclosure: The authors have nothing to disclose." @default.
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- W2205651936 date "2015-12-01" @default.
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- W2205651936 title "Allografting versus Autografting for Follicular Lymphoma: An Ongoing Conundrum" @default.
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