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• W2209738689 abstract "Abstract In January 2009 it will be 50 years since the world’s first LNG tanker Methane Pioneer carried LNG from the United States to the United Kingdom. This started an LNG export industry that has been growing ever since. In 1964 Shell participated in the first base load LNG plant which was started up in Arzew, Algeria using a cascade refrigerant process, followed in 1969 by the Kenai LNG plant in Alaska and the Marsa El Brega in Lybia in 1970, the latter using a single mixed refrigerant cycle. Shell and APCI were instrumental in combining both the idea of cascade liquefaction processes as well a mixed refrigeration by proposing the C3 / Mixed Refrigerant process for the Brunei LNG plant which started up in 1972. Based on these pioneering liquefaction technologies the industry has constantly looked for further improvements resulting in modern designs, which are larger, more efficient and cost effective. This paper will provide a historical perspective of the development of natural gas liquefaction technology. It will compare the key characteristics of the current liquefaction processes that are based on single or multiple refrigerant systems and operate in cascade or parallel refrigeration cycles. The paper will also highlight the development of a number of key equipment elements that enabled continuous improvement of liquefaction designs. Examples are large industrial gas turbines, high volume flow compressors, liquid expanders, spool wound exchangers and air and cooling water systems. Shell companies have been involved in these developments for more than 45 years through research and development and by consistently looking for industry safety and process developments together with operators, vendors and industry partners. These developments have resulted in a wide portfolio of liquefaction technologies and train sizes. Although the LNG industry is mature, these efforts are still continuing today. An example is basic research to improve thermodynamic data and prediction of the phase behaviour of cryogenic gases, LNG and refrigerants, to support the design of new equipment. By looking at the natural gas liquefaction technology history, one can understand a number of aspects of the industry today. It provides a reference for a new generation of process and project developers who will design and shape the LNG industry of the future." @default.
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• W2209738689 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W2209738689 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2209738689 title "Liquefaction Technology; Developments through History" @default.
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• W2209738689 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53292-3.50006-7" @default.
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