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• W2215673661 abstract "Life! It exists everywhere on our planet - from the poles to the equator, fromsubmarine hydrothermal vents to frozen glaciers at the mountain tops, from dryvalleys to wet marshlands, from acid springs to alkaline pools. Over the last 3.7billion years or so, living organisms have adapted themselves to almost everyenvironment imaginable – thanks to the process of evolution. The ability to adapt tovarying environments, even the extreme or adverse ones, is a hallmark of life – it’sonly because of this ability that the spectacular diversity gracing the present-dayliving world could have arisen!It is worth mentioning at this point that the word adaption has different meanings ineveryday language and in evolutionary biology. In common language, adapting oftenmeans changing an individual’s behavior or characteristics to suit the circumstances.But in evolutionary biology, the term adaption has a precise and different meaning. Inevolution, to adapt means to experience natural selection that improves the functionof a trait in a specific environment and/or life-style. The process of evolutionaryadaptation is the one experienced by whole populations over many generations, notthe changes occurring in an individual organism over the course of its lifetime - aprocess often referred to as the phenotypic plasticity. While the phenotypic plasticityin individuals are not, in general, associated with any heritable changes at its gene orprotein level, the process of adaptive evolution often imprint its signatures at thegenome and/or proteome levels of the organisms. And, the primary objective of thepresent dissertation was to identify such imprints or macromolecular basis of adaptiveevolution of microorganisms thriving at certain extreme/specialized environments,namely high temperature, high salinity or varying light intensities. Emphasis has alsobeen given to a case of obligatory parasitism/symbiosis in the archaeal domain.Through the current study, an attempt has, therefore, been made to shed light on theprocess of microbial evolution occurring at widely varying scales and directions. Thestudies on halophiles and hyperthermophiles presented respectively in chapters 3 and4 have demonstrated the process of convergent macro-evolution taken place on a scalethat transcends the boundaries of a single species, a single phylum, or even a singledomain. In both cases, extensive comparative analyses of various macromoleculartraits of extremophiles and non-extremophiles from archaeal as well as bacterialdomain have been carried out in order to remove any phylogenetic influence. AlsoConcluding Remarks~ 145 ~comparison have made among organisms with similar genomic G+C-content tominimize the variations arising from mutational bias of the species under study. Thechapter 5 focuses on the reverse situation, i.e., the process of divergent microevolutionthat resulted in remarkable genotypic and phenotypic diversities in differentstrains/ecotypes of the same species, namely the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcusmarinus – each specialized to dwell in different conditions of light, temperature andnutrient abundances. Interestingly enough, mutation, selection & genetic drift, theprincipal driving forces of evolution, have manifested themselves at both macro &micro levels through an assortment of different mechanisms- into an array of diverseniche-specific trends.It is worth mentioning at this point that mutation is a random process, but selection isnot. Novel genetic traits emerge within a population because of random andspontaneous mutations - but selection acts on those traits in highly non-random way.Two entirely different populations of halophilic microbes of widely varying taxonomyand geographical locations at different points of time independently might select forhigher usage of Asp or lower usage of Cys, probably because such selections wouldhelp them enhancing the protein flexibility in high salt concentration, while theirhyperthermophilic relatives would prefer to have higher usage of Lys and Tyr, asthese would help them to stabilize their proteins at higher temperatures by enhancingthe cation-pi interactions. Thus, two taxonomically, spatially and temporally distantpopulations may gradually acquire similar genomic and/or proteomic traits, if theyintend to thrive at similar ecological niches, while two populations of same species,when acclimatize to differential environmental conditions like distinct light optima,may exhibit adaptive radiations through selection of conspicuous traits - starting at thegenomic level. Therefore, various types of extremophiles may evolve under theinfluence of mutation, selection & genetic drift - it is only through appropriatevariations in selection criteria that novel molecular strategies emerge, facilitating theirsurvival in diverse ecological niches. And, here lies the unity amongst the diversity ofthe living world." @default.
• W2215673661 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2215673661 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W2215673661 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2215673661 title "In silico analyses of genomes andproteomes of extremophiles in questof novel survival strategies" @default.
• W2215673661 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
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