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• W221643273 abstract "Water quality research of the Colorado River corridor of Grand Canyon examines important relationships between densities of fecal coliform bacteria in surface water and underlying bottom sediments. Surface water sampling alone does not accurately reflect baseline water quality status of natural recreational waters, as sediments often harbor microbial densities in several orders of magnitude of overlying waters. Water -based recreation activities and natural wave and current processes can resuspend sediment and associated microbial populations, including enteric pathogens. Data show significant associations between surface water and bottom sediment microbial populations, demonstrating the importance of a combined sampling approach to water quality analyses. INTRODUCTION During the late 1960s and early 19705, the Colorado River through Grand Canyon reached international acclaim as the premier white water recreational river in America. The narrow 225 -mile river corridor of Grand Canyon provided water -based recreational opportunities in a wilderness -type setting with challenging white water, spectacular tributary watercourses, attractions of cultural and natural history, and abundant camping beaches. The popularity of Colorado River float trips resulted in intensive and near recreation capacity use by river runners. Concern regarding the phenomenal growth of commercial and private river trip participation led to research to assess relationships between river recreation and the Canyon environment. The first evaluations (1973 -1975) of microbial water quality in the Colorado River corridor led the National Park Service (NPS) to conclude that generally unpolluted conditions existed (NPS, 1979); management recommended treatment of all drinking water from the river or side creeks but had not identified any particular water quality hazards. Early water quality investigations in the Canyon examined only surface waters of the Colorado River and tributaries; researchers and management did not recognize nor examine critical associations between recreational activities, surface water quality, and bottom sediment microbial densities. Research elsewhere has established that bottom sediments can provide a microbial habitat where enteric organisms,* including pathogens, can persist and concentrate (Van Donsel and Geldreich, 1971 and Hendricks, 1971), representing a latent potential to dramatically degrade surface microbial water quality if resuspended by currents, wave action, or recreational activities (Mot schall, 1976; Winslow, 1976; and McKee, 1977). Fecal contamination from warm -blooded animals, including man, is the source of enteric organisms in surface waters and bottom sediments; baseline water quality analyses of recreational waters seek to define water quality status through examination of the distribution and quantity of fecal contamination in the resource. The objective of recreational water quality analyses is to identify potential water quality hazards that may affect the user and facilitate management decisions to protect users. User impacts on water quality may be implicated in recreational water quality surveys but are supplementary findings of research designed primarily to determine potential resource impacts on users. Research conducted by the University of Arizona in 1978 and 1979 in the Colorado River corridor of Grand Canyon was designed to examine associations between river recreation activities and water quality. Baseline profiles of selected water parameters were 1) established for the Colorado River and the lower confluent reaches of 26 tributaries (Figure 1) and 2) evaluated for potential impacts on river runners based on the pattern of their water use and contact. Evaluations of potential impacts were facilitated by selection of sample sites representing varying types of recreation activities and use intensities. Research analyses concentrated on microbial water quality parameters; detection and quantification of microbial contamination of surface waters and bottom sediments through an examination of densities of enteric organisms was an essential approach leading to the understanding of water quality hazards associated with river running recreation. *Enteric organisms live in the intestines of warm -blooded animals and are excreted in fecal matter; may be pathogenic or nonpathogenic. M ile 2 25 F i g u r e 1 . C o l o r a d o R i v e r a n d T r i b u t a r i e s t h r o u g h G r a n d C a n y o n . LE G E N D" @default.
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• W221643273 title "Water quality analyses of the Colorado River corridor of Grand Canyon" @default.
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