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• W2216691529 abstract "Abstract The commercial exploitation of relatively deep heavy-oil reservoirs is often accomplished by injecting only high-quality steam (steam-alone). This practice is associated with prohibitive CO2 emissions. However, tightening constraints on fuel, water, and the environment are inspiring enhancements to the traditional steam-alone recovery methods. As an improvement, this paper introduces and evaluates the steam-alternating-CO2 (SAC) process for developing these resources. Conceptually, SAC entails injecting steam and CO2 in cycles while oil is produced continuously. Essentially, hot CO2 partially replaces steam as an injectant. Where steam and CO2 are available, another possible enhancement option is the simultaneous steam-CO2 (SSC) process, involving the co-injection of steam and CO2 as a mixture, rather than in cycles. Compared to the steam-alone process, SAC and SSC promise better project performance, largely due to enhanced thermal efficiency and underground carbon sequestration. Some conceptual thoughts behind SAC are explored, including how the required CO2 injectant would be sourced from the flue-gas emitted during steam generation. It is shown that the overall process is potentially self-sustaining, as the required CO2 is generated and utilised within the same closed system, thus minimising fugitive emissions. Relevant process-engineering aspects are highlighted. As a case-study, 3-D multi-phase/multi-component thermal-reservoir simulations are conducted using a representative sector of the Nigerian heavy-oil deposit. Performances of the SAC and SSC processes are compared, while using the steam-alone process as the reference case. In terms of oil-recovery and thermal efficiencies, simulation results suggest that SAC is superior to SSC. Although SAC yields a lower oil-recovery compared to its steam-alone counterpart, the former has higher thermal and environmental efficiencies, as it returns better oil-recovery per unit steam-consumption. Differences in their recovery performances are explained. Based on these results, SAC is considered a promising thermal-recovery method. Thus, for sustainable energy-supply, the proposed in-situ extraction method deserves attention." @default.
• W2216691529 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2216691529 date "2015-08-04" @default.
• W2216691529 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2216691529 title "Steam-alternating-CO2 for heavy-oil recovery" @default.
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• W2216691529 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/178356-ms" @default.
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