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• W2220969213 abstract ",/ Numerous systems have been developed over the past 25 years for remote classification of sediments. The generation of acoustic impedance as a function of depth is the principle behind operation of most normal-incidence acoustic classification systems. A typical high-resolution seismic system (15 kHz) used to classify sediments is described by Lambert et al. [1]. Profiles of sediment impedance are determined from echo return amplitude and pulse character using acoustic multilayer theory. Physical and/or empirical models are then used to convert these in-situ estimates of sediment impedance to sediment type or values of sediment physical (porosity, grain size, bulk density, permeability), geoacoustic (compressional and shear wave velocity or attenuation, acoustic reflectivity) or engineering (shear strength) properties. In this paper we assume a priori that a )ustic sediment classification techniques give accurate estimates of in-situ sediment impedance. We will instead examine the empirical and physical models that are used to estimate sediment type or values of sediment properties from the in-situ sediment impedance. Perhaps the most widely used empirical relationships between sediment acoustic and physical properties were developed by Edwin Hamilton in the 1960's and 1970's [2]. Bachman [31 summarized Hamilton's relationships with an emphasis on the prediction of sediment physical properties from sediment acoustic impedance. This approach is the inverse of Hamiltion's, where sediment physical properties are used to predict sediment geoacoustic properties [4]. Several factors complicate the apparent straightforward prediction of values of sediment properties from remotely sensed sediment impedance. Firstly, impedance is the product of sediment sound speed and sediment bulk density, two quantities that are dependent on temperature, porewater salinity and water depth. Because empirical relationships are based on measurements made at (or corrected to) common environmental conditions, it is imperative that estimates of sediment properties be corrected for differences in model and in-situ conditions. Secondly, sediment sound speed also varies with frequency. These empirical relationships are usually constructed from high-frequency 100-400 kHz) acoustic measurements which can differ from the lower frequencies (3.5-30 kHz) at which most remote acoustic measurement systems operate. Depending on the sediment type, determination of frequency dispersion of sediment sound speed may be critical. Thirdly, both sediment physical and acoustic measurements are based on laboratory measurements. Sediment samples from cores are often disturbed during collection, handling and analysis, resulting in field measurements that differ from insitu measurements. Fourthly, some empirical relationships are generated from data not restricted to surficial sediments. Impedance vs. grain size relationships developed from long core samples differ from empirical predictions based on surficial sediment samples. Finally, variability of sediment properties occurs on various spatial scales and affects interpretion of Leoustic classification data." @default.
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• W2220969213 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2220969213 title "ON THE USE OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE VALUES TO DETERMINE SEDIMENT PROPERTIES" @default.
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