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• W2221737937 abstract "Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism Jeffersonian Pennsylvania. By Andrew Shankman. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004. Pp. xii, 298. Cloth, $34.95.)When I wrote the section on the American Revolution for Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth (2002), I casually remarked that in the early nineteenth century, Pennsylvania's economically ambitious state government, directed by a Federalist elite the 178Os and 179Os, was democratized, embraced by citizens throughout the state who could not build roads, canals, railroads, or factories fast enough (150). Andrew Shankman has written a splendid book that not only explains how this transition took place, but also shows that Jeffersonian Pennsylvania was the first site of a complicated ideological transition that led to the identification of a democratic polity with a capitalist economy. This identification now shapes the lives and fortunes of people all over the world, for better or worse.Shankman's narrative is swift-moving and persuasive, reflecting both the exuberance of the man himself-if you have ever heard him at a conference-and of a state aware that it led the new nation manufacturing and confident that it contained almost limitless wealth. There are four actors Shankman's drama: the Federalists, the Philadelphia Democrats, the Snyclerite/rural Democrats, and the Quids, yet a third variety of Democrats. The Federalists who led the state into the early 179Os favored an economy which manufacturing would be directed by the same elite that ran international commerce and the Bank of the United States. They did not favor a tariff on imports to protect infant industries, but rather a revenue tariff to fund a Society for Useful Manufactures. As with the bank, the high price of the society's shares-like bank stock payable national debt certificates-would limit participation to the already wealthy. To his credit, Shankman does not regard the Federalist system as a scam to enrich the wealthy. It represented their sincere belief that a republic without a well-defined elite would soon fall prey to the anarchy that had traditionally plagued republics and which they themselves had experienced under the Articles of Confederation general and Pennsylvania's Constitution of 1776 particular. (Shankman is especially perceptive showing that John Jay's maxim that the people who owned the country ought to govern it was an acknowledgement of a burden rather than the seizure of an opportunity.)By the mid-179Os, Philadelphia artisans had joined with many of their rural fellow citizens rejecting the Federalists. The immigration oi large numbers of Irish, French, and English refugees to the city, along with the activism of the city's artisans dating back to the Revolution, lent a decidedly radical tinge to the metropolis's Jeffersonianism. Led by Michael Leib and newspaper publisher William Duane, the Philadelphia Democrats favored as simple and direct a democracy as possible, one which an all-powerful state legislature could shape the economy without judicial review to maximize both economic opportunity and equality. This was the logical program, Shankman points out, for that part of the state with the greatest real poverty and the widest gap between rich and poor.The rural (or, as Shankman endearingly calls them, clodhopper) Democrats, on the other hand, led by Governor Simon Snyder, were more inclined to let the economy take its course with limited state control. Economic opportunity rural Pennsylvania suggested to them that natural capitalist expansion would lift all, or nearly all, boats with the tide. The Quids, notably two secretaries of the treasury, Albert Gallatin and Alexander Dallas, were led by wealthy men who feared the potential wealth redistribution favored by the Philadelphia Democrats. They supported a protective tariff, extensive support for internal improvements, and a strong and independent judiciary to protect private property. …" @default.
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• W2221737937 date "2004-10-01" @default.
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• W2221737937 title "Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania" @default.
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