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• W222561646 abstract "The incompatibility between the demand for a new legal order and the defense of the old brought on the Second World War. And it is the same demand ... that poisons the international atmosphere today and entails the risk of war. (1) RECREATING THE WHEEL OF PEACE Like its predecessor, World War II shocked the consciousness of mankind. The governments of the victorious nations had many conflicting objectives at the end of the war but they were able to fired a least common denominator: the United Nations Charter. The Charter goes further than any document before to bring together the world's resources in the cause of peace. The United Nations has not been an unqualified success, but it has stood for some as a mechanism for peaceful settlement of disputes and sometimes has found a route back to peace when disputes turn violent. The tool itself is worthwhile and should not be condemned for its lack of use during the Cold War. As Grotius explained: Right does not necessarily lose its nature from being in he hands of wicked men. The sea still continues as a channel of lawful intercourse, though sometimes navigated by pirates, and swords are still instruments of defence, though sometimes wielded by robbers or assassins. (2) The United Nations is the world's attempt to improve upon the noble experiment begun by the League of Nations. The League had stronger mechanisms to ensure peace, but could not produce the consensus necessary to use those tools. The framers of the Charter did not reassert the broader authority of the Covenant in the hope that the tool would be used more often. Indeed, many provisions found objectionable to the United States when the Covenant was considered (and later to League members who had initially accepted them) were changed in the drafting of the United Nations Charter to encourage the new organization to function where its precursor had faltered. Like the League, however, the United Nations was still to be the instrument by which the victors managed peace in the postwar world. Consequently, the Axis states and the non-belligerent Spanish were, at first, precluded from membership. (3) One other major difference from the League should be noted. Both the executive and the legislative branches of the U.S. Government actively sought membership in the United Nations. Preserving international peace was seen as a prerequisite for a successful postwar world economy. Paradoxically, the realization that the United States had worldwide interests and responsibilities in the postwar period was coincident with reduction of the armed forces to little more than one-tenth of their wartime strength. Although this reduction was required by domestic political and economic imperatives its breadth and depth also represented an act of faith in the efficacy of the United Nations. (4) The most notorious aspect of the Charter, in that it stood as a bar to effectiveness, is the much maligned veto power of the Permanent Members of the Security Council. The authority to wield the veto, combined with the politics of the Cold War, cast the United Nations into a somewhat different role than anticipated by its drafters. Determinations of aggression and decisions to confront it were frequently impossible to attain. Since the end of the Cold War, consensus has been easier to come by. This has allowed the United Nations to take significant strides in the area of collective security. Unprecedented cooperation has put the organization back into unfinished growing pains, despite its five decades of experience. Only will tell if the problems identified by first time operations will be afforded a chance to be solved by a next time. THE CHARTER Neutrality The provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of force by states bear directly on this discussion of U. …" @default.
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• W222561646 date "1995-01-01" @default.
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• W222561646 title "5. Enter the United Nations" @default.
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