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• W2227641789 abstract "Norske Skog Paper Mills (Australia) has undertaken an ecological risk assessment to determine whether 'environmental harm' in the Derwent River estuary is being caused by the discharge from its paper mill at Boyer, Tasmania. A component of the risk assessment was direct toxicity assessment of the combined effluent stream (CES). To assess any temporal variability, toxicity to bacteria was determined on 12 CES samples collected over a six-month period. It was found that the CES was acutely toxic to the luminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri (Mictotox [R]), with 5-min EC50 values (i.e. the concentration that causes 50% reduction in bacterial light output) ranging from 6 - 35%. The variability in the toxicity was due to changing mill operations over time rather than due to variability in the Microtox test itself. Further investigations were conducted to identify if hydrogen peroxide, a process reagent, caused the observed toxicity to Microtox . Toxicity testing was also undertaken on one sample using organisms from a range of trophic levels, since different species respond differently to toxicants. Test species were selected on the basis of their ecological relevance and on the availability of standard tests with known sensitivity and reproducibility. The suite of tests included chronic sublethal bioassays with microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum) and an invertebrate (the small crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia), together with acute tests with Ceriodaphnia and three juvenile fish species. Microtox was also incorporated in the testing program. The fish species included juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as they were previously found to be the most sensitive fish to untreated CES. Galaxiids (Galaxias maculatus and Galaxias truttaceus) were included because they form part of the spring migration of whitebait that pass through the effluent plume. The CES sample was particularly toxic to Microtox , having a 5-min EC50 of 8% CES. The freshwater species were less sensitive than Microtox to the CES, with LC/EC50 values ranging from 27-59% CES. The order of sensitivity of the tests was: Microtox > chronic Ceriodaphnia = acute Ceriodaphnia > chronic alga > acute fish. The CES exhibited similar toxicity to all three fish species, with 96-h LC50 values of 54, 58 and 59% for O. mykiss, G. maculatus and G. truttaceus respectively. At these LC50 concentrations, the CES contained about 1.2 mg/L of total resin acids and about 0.12 mg/L of dissolved resin acids. None of the resin acids were present at sufficient concentrations individually to potentially cause toxicity to rainbow trout. A number of risk extrapolation techniques were used to estimate the dilution of CES required to protect 95% of species in the Derwent River with 50% confidence. Based on the experimental data, particularly after mill process improvements, a dilution of about 1:60 of the CES should be adequate to prevent toxic effects to most organisms in the Derwent River." @default.
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• W2227641789 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W2227641789 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2227641789 title "Direct Toxicity Assessment of Primary Treated Effluent from a Newsprint Mill" @default.
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