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• W2227932317 abstract "PRIMARY SMALLPOX vaccination does not confer lifelong immunity against smallpox. Data from recent epidemics in Western Europe indicate that effective immunity may persist as long as 7 years after a successful vaccination (1). In these outbreaks, cases were very rare in persons vaccinated within 3 years of exposure and uncommon in those vaccinated within 7 years. The World Health Organization and the Public Health Service currently recommend that vaccination be repeated at 3-year intervals for optimal protection. In the United States, more than half the vaccinations performed each year are revaccinations (2). The vaccination take rate among revaccinees is variable and often disappointingly low. Many factors influence the take rate, especially the length of time since the previous vaccination, vaccine potency, and vaccination technique (3-8). Take rates generally increase as the time since previous vaccination increases. In very recent revaccinees, take rates are low, and in many persons only the 48to 72-hour reaction, formerly called the reaction of immunity, occurs. This reaction was shown by Benenson to result from ineffective vaccination as well as from vaccination of fully immune persons (9). The reaction of immunity is now called an equivocal reaction (10). Comparisons of freeze-dried, high-titered vaccines in varying dilutions with a variety of fresh or glycerinated lymphs have shown that vaccine must have a titer of at least 106 pockforming units per ml. in order to induce acceptable take rates (7). Evidence indicates that good multiple-pressure technique effects more takes than the scratch method (4), and jet injection of vaccine through an intradermal head may be superior to multiple pressure (11). The revaccination take rates found in recent literature vary from 27 to 93 percent, with most investigators reporting rates of approximately 85 percent (4-8,12,13). Current international travel regulations do not require documentation of a take in revaccinees, but rather only of an attempt to revaccinate. The alarm caused by importation of smallpox into Western Europe-many of the patients had valid international certificates of (re) vaccination (1)-has led to proposals to try to increase the probability of a major reaction in revaccinees, or to insist on documentation of the take by reading the vaccination on the seventh postvaccinal day (14, 15), or both. Simultaneous multiple vaccinations have been proposed to increase the take rate in revaccinees (14). A double insertion theoretically would increase the chance of success by doubling the viral inoculum used, by halving the risk of failure due to human errors by the vaccinator, or both. The study reported in this paper was undertaken to test this hypothesis." @default.
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• W2227932317 title "Take Rates by Double versus Single Insertions of Smallpox Vaccine in Revaccinees" @default.
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• W2227932317 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/4594006" @default.
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