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• W2234110802 abstract "In Nepal, the fertiliser trade was completely under government control until 1997 and the Agriculture Input Corporation (AIC) had sole responsibility for purchasing and distributing quality chemical fertilisers. The total fertiliser supply was met by imports, and His Majesty’s Government of Nepal (HMGN) provided price and transport subsidies to support farmers. As the demand for fertiliser grew, the need for subsidy allocations also grew and the government found it increasingly difficult to afford, resulting in shortages of fertiliser during the main cropping season. To overcome the problem, HMGN deregulated the fertiliser trade in November 1997 and phased out the price subsidies. The deregulation also removed AIC’s monopoly in the fertiliser market. After deregulation of the fertiliser trade, quality control became the major government responsibility. The government promulgated the Fertiliser (Control) Order 1997 under the Essential Commodity Act 1961 and developed the Fertiliser Guideline 1999 using the authority provided by the order. The order and guidelines provided a specific code of conduct for manufacturers, importers, and dealers to ensure the quality of fertilisers. So far, the government has approved the specifications of 27 commercially traded inorganic fertilisers, including 10 micronutrient fertilisers. It has also registered seven organic and biofertilisers. Quality control mechanisms have been developed up to district level by appointing fertiliser inspectors in each district. To ensure the supply of quality fertilisers, a National Fertiliser Policy was developed in 2002 and promulgation of a Fertiliser Act is in process. In Nepal, the flow of multi/micronutrient fertilisers has been increasing in recent years. Around 15 per cent of farm households were applying fertilisers containing secondary and micronutrients in 2002. Several such fertilisers are available in the market without proper labelling, but with attractive packaging and advertisements. The quality control mechanism for these fertilisers is not efficient. Most of them are applied to soil and crops without testing the crop requirements. These activities may produce adverse effects on both soil fertility and crop yield. Therefore, it is necessary for the government and other agencies concerned to make farmers aware of the correct way to use multi/micronutrient fertilisers. Background Agriculture is the largest sector in the Nepalese economy. Fertilisers (organic and inorganic) are inevitably needed to sustain crop productivity in intensive agriculture and to meet the increasing demand for food for the growing population. Farmers in Nepal have been using organic matter such as farmyard manure, compost, and forest litter as fertiliser for their crops since time immemorial. Chemical fertilisers were first introduced in Nepal in 1952. There was a slow growth in fertiliser use until the 1960s. With the establishment of the Agriculture Input Corporation (AIC) in 1966, a public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), the consumption of fertiliser started rising. The government gave AIC the responsibility for 98 Micronutrients in South and South East Asia procuring, storing, and distributing fertilisers in the country. Furthermore, in order to protect farmers from price uncertainties in the world market and to keep the price at an affordable level, the government established a uniform national price for fertilisers by providing price and transport subsidies to the AIC from 1972. As the demand for fertiliser grew over time, the need for subsidy allocations grew with it, and it became increasingly difficult for the government to afford the subsidies. This created shortages of fertiliser during the main cropping season. In view of the above, His Majesty’s Government of Nepal (HMGN) deregulated the fertiliser trade in November 1997 and phased out price subsidies. Recognising the need for quality control in the deregulated market, the government promulgated the Fertiliser (Control) Order 1997 under the Essential Commodity Control (Rights) Act, 1961. To facilitate implementation of the order, a Fertiliser Guideline was developed in 1999. The order and guidelines provided a specific code of conduct for manufacturers, importers, and dealers to ensure the quality of fertilisers. To enforce the order, the government appointed 75 fertiliser inspectors, one stationed at each District Agriculture Development Office (DADO). The government also upgraded the facilities of the central and regional soil testing laboratories such that they could test fertilisers. Nevertheless, the country continued to experience uncertainties in fertiliser supplies as a results of the high fluctuation of fertiliser prices in the world market, increased cross border flow from India (fertiliser is still subsidised in India), and the lack of confidence of the private sector in the future of the fertiliser deregulation policy (Basnyat 2002). This led the government to issue a National Fertiliser Policy (NFP) in 2002. The NFP included organic, chemical, and microbial fertilisers within the definition of fertiliser. Crop production is sometimes found to be severely affected due to deficiency of one or more secondary and micronutrient elements. Deficiency of zinc and boron is a commonly observed problem in Nepal. Various formulations of multi/micronutrient and bio-fertilisers are available in the market. Some farmers are using multi-nutrient and bio-fertilisers on a commercial scale. The majority of farmers in Nepal use both organic and inorganic fertilisers. HMGN (2003) found that 81% of farm households were applying both organic and inorganic fertilisers during 2001/02; a further 10% used only animal manure, and 8% only inorganic fertilisers. The application rate for manure was higher in the hills than in the Terai, and the inorganic fertiliser application rate was higher in the Terai than in the hills. Around 15 per cent of farm households used fertilisers containing secondary and micronutrients in 2002. HMGN (2002) has emphasised, and the Tenth Plan (2002-07) has endorsed, the use of integrated plant nutrient management systems (IPNS) to prevent the degradation of soil fertility and minimise other likely negative impacts of chemical fertiliser use on the environment; and to promote the appropriate and balanced use of fertilisers. Types of Commercial Fertiliser Used in Nepal Nepalese farmers apply almost all possible types of fertilisers required for crop production." @default.
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• W2234110802 date "2005-01-01" @default.
• W2234110802 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2234110802 title "Commercial fertilisers and their quality control in Nepal." @default.
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