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• W2235861737 abstract "Industrialization, urbanization, indifference-each has made its contribution to worsening environmental conditions in Asia, and projections for the next 20-25 years point to more trouble ahead. In this setting the members of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum promote the liberalizing of trade and finance that is the condition for participation in a newly globalized world economy. Their aim is to facilitate economic development and raise regional living standards. But development creates environmental pressures of its own, and environmental degradation has economic not to mention social costs, undercutting the rise in living standards that globalization is expected to bring. This is the Asian environmental dilemma.Worldwide, the private sector has surpassed the public sector as the engine of economic growth. The relationship of state to market forces is being recalibrated, as governments and the market adjust to the logic of new technologies and the needs of growing populations no longer hostage to bipolar tensions. Enter civil society. Its representatives make their affiliation with neither states nor the private sector. Instead they argue for broadly held citizen interests that might otherwise go unattended, among them the goal of an environmentally sustainable future.APEC has made strides in including the private (market) sector in its deliberations. If APEC intends to deal with its environmental problems, it now needs to include civil society as well, in particular nongovernmental organizations for the environment (ENGOs). By bringing in the ENGOs, APEC has an opportunity to invigorate regional environmental initiatives and improve the chances that regional growth is not derailed for lack of environmental protections.Asia's Grim Environmental PictureEnvironmental trends in Asia are moving in the wrong direction. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) calls Asia the most environmentally degraded region in the world. According to the United Nations Environmental Programme at least one in three Asians has no access to safe drinking water and at least one in two no access to sanitation. Many Asian cities are among the most polluted in the world, with air contamination well above levels considered acceptable in Western Europe and North America. For Asians in the countryside as well as in the cities, environmental degradation is often a livelihood-altering and sometimes life-threatening issue. Western concerns over high rates of deforestation leading to loss of biological diversity converge with the local reality of population dislocation and increasing vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods and landslides.Asian urban population has doubled in the last 15-20 years and is projected to increase by another 70 percent by 2025. Greater industrialization will accompany urban growth. At current rates of increase Asia will produce more sulfur dioxide than Europe and the United States combined by 2010. By 2020 the region will become the world's largest source of greenhouse gases.Such conditions do not have to follow development. They result from a grow-now-clean-up-later policy that permeates the region and with it a lack of administrative capabilities to enforce standards and regulations. Whether development can continue in the face of worsening conditions remains to be seen. Pollution already decreases gross domestic product in individual Asian states by an estimated 3 to 8 percent.1It is incorrect to assume that concern with environmental health and quality is a Western phenomenon only. Surveys clearly demonstrate the same concern among Asians. Public sentiment fuels and is fueled by the explosion of Asian ENGOs in the last two decades. But environmental fervor has had limited results to date as political and business leaders have adopted a pro-environmental discourse while allowing conditions to deteriorate. How much longer Asian governments can contain or co-opt environmental forces remains to be seen. …" @default.
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• W2235861737 title "APEC and the environment : civil society in an age of globalization" @default.
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