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• W2236614207 abstract "first_page settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessEditorial Disability and Public Health by Jerome E. Bickenbach 1, Alarcos Cieza 1,2,3 and Carla Sabariego 3,* 1 Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Zäch-Strasse 4, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland 2 Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK 3 Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Chair for Public Health and Health Services Research, Research Unit for Biopsychosocial Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010123 Received: 6 January 2016 / Accepted: 7 January 2016 / Published: 12 January 2016 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Disability and Public Health) Download Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Versions Notes People with disabilities comprise approximately 15% of the world’s population. These are people with impairments, such as visual impairment and low back pain, and health conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, depression and schizophrenia. This percentage is expected to increase, in part because of the world-wide ageing population and the steady increase in prevalence of chronic health conditions. More significantly, as authoritatively expressed in both the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health [1], and the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [2], disability is the outcome of the interaction between a person’s intrinsic state of health and their physical, human-built, attitudinal and social environment. More than ever, our scientific and political understanding of disability, and what it means to live with disabilities, depends on environmental research and, in particular, the environmental determinants of disability. This Special Issue brings together a variety of perspectives on the lived experience of disability and on the nature of the impact of the environment, broadly understood, in the context of public health. It is widely known that people with disabilities tend to experience lower levels of health due, not only to their primary and secondary health conditions and comorbidities, but also to the effects of social marginalization, poverty, denial of access to health and social services and discrimination. These crucial environmental factors either create disability or worsen disability. The time has come for public health to identify and directly respond to these environmental determinants.Beyond planning, implementing and evaluating interventions, a core activity of public health is the epidemiological task of validly measuring disability across the population and tracking the health, as well as health and disability determinants, of populations. These are challenging tasks, because disability is a complex and multidimensional experience that creates substantial obstacles for description and measurement. Data about all dimensions of disability—information about impairments, restrictions of participation and the environmental factors that facilitate or hinder full participation—is essential to understand how disability plays out in people’s lives and to identify ways of socially responding to this experience. This Special Issue underscores the fact that disability is a central public health issue and one of increasing importance. The articles collected here address this salient fact from different perspectives and using different methodologies and study designs. There are four, interlocking and interconnected, themes represented in these articles: 1. Disability MeasurementOne of the most persistent challenges in understanding the impact of the environment on disability is the basic epidemiological task of measuring disability phenomena across the population. Madden et al. report a substantial Australian effort to formalize an integrated measure that could be used to secure access to person-centred, policy-relevant information useful for a wide range of programs [3]. Failing to find an existing measure that was consistent with international trends in human services and public health, they set out to develop a generic, integrative measure of functioning for use in rehabilitation, disability support, and related fields. With regard to concerns about the structure of standard, national disability data collection strategies, Sabariego et al. [4] find that the standard method in censuses and population surveys of initially screening a population of ‘the disabled’ by means of basic health characteristics, tends to yield imprecise prevalence rates and classifies persons with mild to moderate disability as non-disabled, although they experience significant problems in daily life. They describe an alternative approach, recommended in WHO’s World Report on Disability [5], which uses a general population sample to directly measure the lived experience of disability in terms of restrictions of participation, and to define which persons are experiencing mild, moderate and severe disability using a metrical disability scale and cut-offs fit to purpose. This article attracted a response from Madans et al., [6] and Sabariego et al. [7]. 2. Determinants of Health for Persons with DisabilitiesMcColl et al., in a Canadian study, address the important issue of access to primary health care, and in particular the kinds of obstacles that confront persons with disabilities when they try to access a family physician [8]. Smith and Caddick report the results of a qualitative UK study of individuals with spinal cord injury, discharged from rehabilitation into an elderly care home [9]. Their concern is with the quality of health care received in an environment characterized by a lack of freedom, control, flexibility and restricted participation in community activities. They report that the results are diminished physical health and psychological wellbeing in the short and long-term. 3. Disability and Public Health InterventionsTwo articles in this Special Issue looked directly at public health interventions involving the environment that impacts on the experience of disability. Auger and colleagues in Montréal, Canada conducted an exploratory study to determine the usability of existing mobile applications for evaluating environmental barriers and facilitators, for persons with mild communication and cognitive limitations, when they experience a shopping mall [10]. The study recommends new features of these applications that might address unmet needs. In another Montréal study [11] Mazer et al. evaluated the structure, process and outcomes of a Community of Practice initiated and developed including stakeholders involved in a large multidisciplinary and multi-sectorial project: the Rehabilitation Living Lab in a Mall. The study strongly suggests that the Community of Practice approach to service delivery is a useful strategy to facilitate knowledge sharing on disability issues. 4. Environmental Impact on Specific ConditionsIn the remaining three articles in this Special Issue, health and social service delivery approaches and other social determinants are evaluated in light of their impact on specific health conditions that are associated with disability. Brunani et al. present and evaluate an ICF-based individual rehabilitation project for obese patients with additional comorbidities [12]. They found that the service model they proposed not only standardizes rehabilitative procedures, simplifying organizational issues, but also facilitated the flow of useful data across episodes of care. Twomey et al. look at the impact of gender and general social-economic conditions on patterns of health service usage by older people with depression, suggesting that these environmental determinants, rather than severity of depression appear to account for the variance in usage [13]. Finally, Willems et al., consider the impact of environmental factors, in particular supportive relationships, on patients with disorders of consciousness [14]. Their results suggest that in order to prevent further decline in functioning patients with these disorders, they should be housed in a supportive and facilitative environment and caregivers should receive tailored support in order to enhance and facilitate appropriate care. ReferencesWHO. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. [Google Scholar]Rights UHCfH. Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 2006. Available online: http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml (accessed on 30 October 2014).Madden, R.; Glozier, N.; Fortune, N.; Dyson, M.; Gilroy, J.; Bundy, A.; Llewellyn, G.; Salvador-Carulla, L.; Lukersmith, S.; Mpofu, E.; et al. In Search of an integrative measure of functioning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Sabariego, C.; Oberhauser, C.; Posarac, A.; Bickenbach, J.; Kostanjsek, N.; Chatterji, S.; Officer, A.; Coenen, M.; Chhan, L.; Cieza, A. Measuring disability: Comparing the impact of two data collection approaches on disability rates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]WHO. World Report on Disability 2011; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. [Google Scholar]Madans, J.H.; Mont, D.; Loeb, M. Comments on Sabariego et al. Measuring disability: Comparing the impact of two data collection approaches on disability rates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 10329–10351. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Sabariego, C.; Oberhauser, C.; Posarac, A.; Bickenbach, J.; Kostanjsek, N.; Chatterji, S.; Officer, A.; Coenen, M.; Chhan, L.; Cieza, A. Response to Madans et al. Comments on Sabariego et al. Measuring disability: Comparing the impact of two data collection approaches on disability rates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 10329–10351. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]McColl, M.; Aiken, A.; Schaub, M. Do people with disabilities have difficulty finding a family physician? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Smith, B.; Caddick, N. The impact of living in a care home on the health and wellbeing of spinal cord injured people. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Auger, C.; Leduc, E.; Labbé, D.; Guay, C.; Fillion, B.; Bottari, C.; Swaine, B. Mobile applications for participation at the shopping mall: Content analysis and usability for persons with physical disabilities and communication or cognitive limitations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Mazer, B.; Kairy, D.; Guindon, A.; Girard, M.; Swaine, B.; Kehayia, E.; Labbé, D. Rehabilitation living lab in the mall community of practice: Learning together to improve rehabilitation, participation and social inclusion for people living with disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Brunani, A.; Raggi, A.; Sirtori, A.; Berselli, M.; Villa, V.; Ceriani, F.; Corti, S.; Leonardi, M.; Capodaglio, P.; ICF-OBESITY Group. An ICF-based model for implementing and standardizing multidisciplinary obesity rehabilitation programs within the healthcare system. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Twomey, C.; Prince, M.; Cieza, A.; Baldwin, D.; Prina, A. Cross-sectional associations of depressive symptom severity and functioning with health service use by older people in low-and-middle income countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]Willems, M.; Sattin, D.; Vingerhoets, A.; Leonardi, M. Longitudinal changes in functioning and disability in patients with disorders of consciousness: The importance of environmental factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Bickenbach, J.E.; Cieza, A.; Sabariego, C. Disability and Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010123 AMA Style Bickenbach JE, Cieza A, Sabariego C. Disability and Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010123 Chicago/Turabian Style Bickenbach, Jerome E., Alarcos Cieza, and Carla Sabariego. 2016. Disability and Public Health International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010123 Find Other Styles Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here. Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view." @default.
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