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- W224228981 abstract "Introduction Since the mid-1970s, the age at first-birth rate for both mothers and fathers has increased substantially in the United States.(1) From 1980 to 1990, the first-birth rate for women aged 30-34 years increased 66% and for women aged 35-39 years, it increased 158%.(2) Even from one year to the next, the birth rate for women over thirty has increased. For example, in 1995 the birth rate for women 30-34 years old was 82.5, and for women aged 35-39, the birth rate was 34.3. By 1996 these rates increased to 84.5 and 35.4, respectively.(3) Most analyses of the shift in the timing of parenting focus on identifying the antecedents of the trend or the effects of the transition to parenthood among older parents.(4) While researchers are now beginning to assert the importance of moving beyond the transition to parenthood by studying the lives of parents,(5) few studies investigate the influence of parenthood on the offspring. This study examines the impact of parenting on the perceptions of young adults' relationships with their parents. A sample of college students with on-time and delayed parents is analyzed in order to investigate some of the characteristics of the parent-child relationship at the time the child is moving into his/her own adult life. Recent Literature From the Perspective of the Parents The attainment of career goals and financial stability are two often-cited reasons parents give for waiting to have their first child. Because women's roles have changed more dramatically than men's roles in the 30 years, researchers often attribute parenting to increased educational and employment opportunities for women. When comparing the birth rates among women aged 30-44, we see that women with bachelor's and graduate degrees have the highest birth rates in this age group (62.6 and 52.5, respectively).(6) However, in their in-depth interviews of 30 parents, Soloway and Smith (1989) found that among older first-time parents, pressure from the biological clock is stronger than other considerations, such as career and finances, in the decision to become parents.(7) The postponement of marriage also contributes to the delay in the onset of parenting. Today the median age at first marriage is 26.8 for men and 25 for women.(8) As couples postpone marriage until educational and financial goals are achieved, the timing of parenting is also until the couples reach their personal and financial goals within their marriage. Of course, a common stereotype of late birthtiming in families that already have children, is that the new birth is a or accident.(9) It is most likely, however, that the phenomenon of surprise pregnancies has decreased since the 1970s when birth control options became more available to women. We can assume that the increase in late birthtiming among parents today is most often planned, especially among women aged 30 to 35. Researchers who study the effects of late birthtiming on family functioning find that older first-time parents are less stressed, more satisfied, and more psychologically mature than traditional-aged parents.(10) Studies that focus on fathers show that late-time fathers spend more leisure time with their children, are more nurturing to their children, and they share more household chores with their wives.(11) Some of the negative outcomes of a late transition to parenthood include the couples' dissatisfaction with their sexual relationship and a lack of social support from hospital staff.(12) From the Perspective of the Offspring One of the few studies on the effects of parenting on children is Morris's 1987 study of eighteen adults of last chance parents. Morris's interview-based study includes respondents whose ages range from 20 to 54 years, living in five different states. While Morris's sample is too small for universal generalizations, it is important to note that her respondents had both positive and negative experiences from growing up with older parents. …" @default.
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- W224228981 title "Young adults' perception of their relationship with parents: an exploration into the effects of late birthtiming." @default.
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