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• W2243355987 abstract "Psychiatry is the only medical specialty with a longtime nemesis; it's called antipsychiatry, and it has been active for almost 2 centuries. Although psychiatry has evolved into a major scientific and medical discipline, the century-old primitive stage of psychiatric treatments instigated an antagonism toward psychiatry that persists to the present day. A recent flurry of books critical of psychiatry is evidence of how the movement is being propagated by journalists and critics whose views of psychiatry are unflattering despite the abundance of scientific advances that are gradually elucidating the causes and treatments of serious mental disorders. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] What are the wrongdoings of psychiatry that generate the long-standing protests and assaults? The original sin of psychiatry appears to be locking up and abusing mentally ill patients in asylums, which 2 centuries ago was considered a humane advance to save seriously disabled patients from homelessness, persecution, neglect, victimization, or imprisonment. The deteriorating conditions of lunatic asylums in the 19th and 20th centuries were blamed on psychiatry, not the poor funding of such institutions in an era of almost complete ignorance about the medical basis of mental illness. Other perceived misdeeds of psychiatry include: * Medicalizing madness (contradicting the archaic notion that psychosis is a type of behavior, not an illness) * Drastic measures to control severe mental illness in the pre-pharmacotherapy era, including excessive use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), performing lobotomies, or resecting various body parts * Use of physical and/or chemical restraints for violent or actively suicidal patients * Serious or intolerable side effects of some antipsychotic medications * Labeling slaves' healthy desire to escape from their masters in the 19th century as an illness (drapetomania) * Regarding psychoanalysis as unscientific and even harmful * Labeling homosexuality as a mental disorder until American Psychiatric Association members voted it out of DSM-II in 1973 * The arbitrariness of psychiatric diagnoses based on committee-consensus criteria rather than valid and objective scientific evidence and the lack of biomarkers (this is a legitimate complaint but many physiological tests are being developed) * Psychoactive drugs allegedly are used to control children (antipsychiatry tends to minimize the existence of serious mental illness among children, although childhood physical diseases are readily accepted) * Psychiatry is a pseudoscience that pathologizes normal variations of human behaviors, thoughts, or emotions * Psychiatrists are complicit with drug companies and employ drugs of dubious efficacy (eg, antidepressants) or safety (eg, antipsychotics). Most of the above reasons are exaggerations or attributed to psychiatry during an era of primitive understanding of psychiatric brain disorders. Harmful interventions such as frontal lobotomy -- for which its neurosurgeon inventor received the 1949 Nobel Prize in Medicine -- were a product of a desperate time when no effective and safe treatments were available. Although regarded as an effective treatment for mood disorders, ECT certainly was abused many decades ago when it was used (without anesthesia) in patients who were unlikely to benefit from it. David Cooper (1) coined the term antipsychiatry in 1967. Years before him, Michel Foucault propagated a paradigm shift that regarded delusions not as madness or illness, but as a behavioral variant or an anomaly of judgment (2) That antimedicalization movement was supported by the First Church of Christ, Scientist, the legal system, and even the then-new specialty of neurology, plus social workers and reformers who criticized mental hospitals for failing to conduct scientific investigations. …" @default.
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• W2243355987 date "2011-12-01" @default.
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• W2243355987 title "The Antipsychiatry Movement: Who and Why" @default.
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