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• W2245133071 abstract "Introduction: Guidelines were developed to reassure consumers or retailers about how food is safely produced and processed on the farm. Although the guidelines or standards provide general knowledge about potential pathways by which produce can become contaminated, systematic studies to identify the current microbiological situation and the critical points through the production process where contamination may occur are lacking in Belgium. Therefore, the objective was: (1) to identify the design and implementation in practice of good practice/management systems to prevent contaminations or to reduce contaminations of eight Belgian farms and (2) to gain insight into the different risk factors and microbiological situation through sampling of different microbiological parameters. Materials and methods: This extensive longitudinal study was undertaken to determine the microbiological status of lettuce collected at the pre-harvest state at eight Belgian lettuce farms located in West Flanders region. In 2011-2012, microbiological analyses of seedling leaves (n=23), peat-soil of the seedling (n=57), lettuce crops (n=264), soil (n=276) and irrigation water (n=120) were conducted to determine the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria (PCR VTEC positives, Salmonella spp. or Campylobacter spp.) and numbers of indicator bacteria (total psychrotrophic plate count (TPAC), total coliforms, E. coli, Enterococcus spp.).This study also focused on farm-level practices that might affect microbiological safety of fresh produce as they are being cultivated. Besides a Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Instrument (FSMS-DI) (Kirezieva et al., 2013), a combined assessment of core control and assurance activities, was applied to measure the effectiveness of implemented food quality systems in fresh produce primary production. Results: The FSMS-DI revealed that the farms were operating quite similar for most FSMS indicators. Differences were observed for the water source and water control, personnel turnover and the fertilizer program. Not one farm had a microbiological sampling plan or was aware of any microbiological control on the produce. The farms did not have any kind of verification or documentation system for the microbiology. Still, the farms ascertain that they complied to the sector requirements but did not any additional efforts. This contrasted sharply with farms’ precautions and knowledge for the application and analysis of pesticides and pesticide residues. No Salmonella nor PCR VTEC signal were detected from lettuce, whilst one soil sample (n = 1/92) contained Salmonella spp. and five soil samples (n = 5/92) provided PCR positives for VTEC virulence factors (vt1 or vt2 and eae). Low prevalence of Campylobacter (9.0 %, n = 8/88) was noted in lettuce. The water samples showed on a regular basis E. coli presence (59.2% of samples had > 1 cfu/100 ml) and occasionally (25%, n = 30/120) pathogens detection, in particular Campylobacter. The presence of pathogens and indicator bacteria in the water/lettuce/soil samples showed a seasonal effect as they tend to be more present during the months with higher temperature.Discussion: Farmer knowledge and awareness about food safety and good agricultural practices in relation to microbiology needs to improve as the farms are not familiar with microbiology and the risks accompanied with it. The environmental samples (soil, soil seedling and water) and specifically water distinguish themselves as risk factors. It is important for the production companies to control these risk factors as loss of control at these locations may lead to food safety problems. Particularly, between May and November, there must be a higher state of awareness to prevent contamination of the produce by contaminated water as higher contamination levels or prevalences were observed." @default.
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• W2245133071 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W2245133071 title "Longitudinal bacterial survey of lettuce production in Belgium" @default.
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