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• W2246907172 abstract "The strawberry blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi Herbst (Col., Curculionidae) is a key pest in strawberries. Depending on the strawberry cultivar and the temperature profile in spring, it can reduce yield up to 60 %. The primary damage is caused by the females of the overwintering generation, cutting the petiole of the flower buds after oviposition into them. These buds usually wither after a short period of time and are eventually dropped off. Hatched larvae feed for ca. 3 weeks on the buds until pupation inside the buds. Emerging adults leave the buds and feed on the petals of abundant strawberry flowers without causing further damage and migrate to their hibernation sites. Thus, A. rubi is an univoltine species directly reducing strawberry yield and necessary to control. However, little is known about the phenology and damage caused by A. rubi to different strawberry cultivars and plant age. Since the hibernation sites are not clearly identified yet, soil and litter samples were taken from the survey areas and the nearby forests in a time series at different distances from the field border to assess the phenology and abundance in the field. Furthermore, intact and damaged flower buds, flowers in different developmental stages (BBCH-stages), and fruits were collected to determine damage level. The results showed that the infestation in plants was highest near the field borders adjacent to forests, and decreasing in intensity with increasing distance to the forests. Damage was higher in older than in younger plantations. Between cultivars, the early flowering cv. “Daroyal” showed a higher loss of flowers than the later flowering and ripening cv. “Salsa” or “Malwina”. From our results, we recommend to start infestation monitoring particularly on fields near to forests and on early flowering cultivars. Rich flowering cultivars, such as cv. “Salsa” can possibly compensate yield loss. Introduction The major host plant of the strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonomos rubi Herbst 1795) is the strawberry (Fragaria sp.), but it also feeds and reproduces on raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) (Araujo et al., 2005) and, rarely, on blackberries (Hohn et al., 1989). The overwintering adults emerge in strawberry fields in spring, at sunny weather and soil temperatures of ca. 10-14 °C, and start to feed (“Naschfras”) on leaves and later on blossoms without causing damage. After mating, the primary damage is caused by the females of the overwintering generation, cutting the bud petiole after oviposition into blossom buds. These buds usually wither after a short period of time and are eventually dropped off. The duration of the oviposition period is about 1-2 months, starting usually in May (at 18 °C), and on average 20-30 blossom buds are destroyed per female. However, also a mean fecunditiy of 157.6 eggs have been reported (Hohn et al., 1989; Easterbrook et al., 2003; Aasen et al., 2004).Percentage of bud damage may vary between 5-90 %, in total resulting in a yield reduction of ca. 60 % or even more (Svensson, 2002; Kovanci et al., 2005). 1 Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany, andrea.krauss@yahoo.de, Claus.Zebitz@uni-hohenheim.de 2 Bioland-Beratung GmbH, BOLN-Forschungsprojekt Erdbeere, 73728 Esslingen a. Neckar, christiane.steen@bioland.de Short Contributions 233 After about 5-10 days, the larvae hatch from the eggs and, protected inside the buds, feed on the withering parts of the blossom (Hohn et al., 1989). After a 14-20 days larval development they finally pupate inside the buds. Emerging adults leave the buds and feed on the petals of abundant open strawberry blossoms without causing further damage (Hohn et al., 1989). Adults of the new generation appear in June and migrate to the hibernation sites in late July. Thus, A. rubi is an univoltine species (Kovanci et al., 2005). Depending on the temperature, a complete life cycle from egg to adult emergence takes up to five weeks (Aasen et al., 2004). An economical threshold has not been defined yet, because damage level depends on strawberry cultivar and the number of blossoms at a given time (Hohn et al., 1989). However, little is known about the phenology and damage caused by A. rubi to different strawberry cultivars and plant age.Thus, neither reliable infestation-yield loss relations nor effective control methods are available in organic strawberry production. Since hibernation sites are not clearly identified yet, the phenology of the pest is not known (Aasen et al., 2004), this study addressed these open questions. Material and Methods This study was conducted in Baden-Wurttemberg on four survey areas in two different locations with a total of three different varieties of strawberries (“Daroyal”, “Salsa”, “Malwina”) of different age. All surveys were conducted on farms with “Bioland”certification (Table 1). The areas in Eberdingen were located in close proximity eastward to a forest of deciduous trees and wild blackberries. South of the strawberry field a raspberry plantation was cultivated. In Rohrbronn, orchards and cereal fields were located around the area. In addition, a forest, ca. 500 meters away. Table 1: Characteristics of the survey areas Location Field size (a) n Strawberry rows Cultivars Age (years) Eberdingen 45 32 Salsa, Daroyal 2" @default.
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• W2246907172 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W2246907172 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2246907172 title "Phenology of the strawberry blossom weevil and damage in strawberries." @default.
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