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• W224745168 abstract "David Livingstone had a lasting effect upon the way Britons in the nineteenth century and beyond would look at primitive peoples and at themselves. Today it is the man and not his writings that we remember, but the three books by Livingstone which were published during the Victorian era left a powerful mark on the public imagination and helped eventually to create an ethos that would become, temporarily, the accepted moral foundation of the British Empire in Africa. The books themselves, written before England had begun to think about Africa in fully imperial terms, were the product of a knowledgeable, eclectic, passionate and opinionated mind. Livingstone was one of the last of the great Victorians to be debunked, and even at this late moment in the twentieth century that process continues to be a half-hearted one. Oliver Ransford's David Livingstone, the Dark Interior presents Livingstone, not altogether convincingly, as a manic-depressive; but the overall tenor of the book is that of hero-worship. Tim Jeal's 1973 biography is certainly the most comprehensive and credible work on Livingstone, and its portrait of a man driven by ambition and the egoism of his own vision to ruthlessness and sometimes cruelty is ultimately convincing. But even Jeal never puts into question the largeness of Livingstone's vision or the quality of his faith. His Livingstone, though human, is still a great man. The Livingstone hagiography was begun by H. M. Stanley, first in his dispatches to the New York Herald after his discovery of the Doctor at Ujiji in 1872, and later in his bestseller on the rescue expedition, How I Found Livingstone. That Stanley, while obviously a fervent admirer of the doctor, had professional motives for exaggerating his very real qualities was a fact virtually discounted at the time. The money that Stanley's search expedition cost the New York Herald a staggering four thousand pounds--necessarily meant that its editor, James Gordon Bennett, wanted copy in return; Livingstone himself would have to live up to the paper's investment in him, and to the dramatic build-up that Stanley achieved with his colorful prose. The saindy Livingstone of Stanley's description soon became an accepted icon, despite Stanley's obvious stylistic excesses (such as his manipulation of Livingstone's opening words to him so as to have the great man actually give a puff to the New York Herald). The image of Livingstone as saint was later reinforced by Horace Waller who, as editor of Livingstone's Last Journals, imposed his own plan upon the diaries in order to emphasize the Doctor's passionate outcry against the slave trade. Dorothy Helly, in her book Livingstone's Legacy : Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking, has demonstrated the full extent of the license Waller took. But Livingstone himself would probably have applauded the results, since, personal ambition notwithstanding, he, too, saw himself first and foremost as an abolitionist, and had taken advantage of Stanley's unexpected arrival at Ujiji not only to replenish his stores, but also to dispatch letters to the New York Herald on the subject. The dramatic circumstances of Livingstone's death as he knelt in prayer at the side of his cot, and the eleven-month march that his servants Susi and Chuma made to the coast with his body are truly the matter of myth. The popular image of Livingstone, isolated in the wilderness with only his Bible and his faithful servants for comfort, was natural material for the creation of a modern, only half-secular, icon. This iconographic image of the missionary/explorer--the personification of the muscular Christian--symbolized the changes in the way Victorian England was choosing to define its international role and its moral mission. A shift occurred in imperial thought in the latter part of the century, a new perception of Empire not only as a source of wealth but also as a cross-cultural forum for Christianity, Anglo-Saxon culture, free trade and eventual industrialization; and Livingstone was the ideal man to personify this idea of the imperialist as Crusader rather than plunderer. …" @default.
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• W224745168 date "1991-12-22" @default.
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• W224745168 title "David Livingstone and the Imperial Imagination" @default.
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