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• W2249634745 abstract "concept of resentment has been explored extensively in fields of philosophy, social sciences and psychology. Less critical attention has been paid to it from point of view of historical medicine.Resentment is understood as repeated experiencing and re-living of hostile emotional response reactions against someone else; it is re-experiencing of emotion itself which gradually pervades core of personality and becomes generalized of suppressed wrath, hostility and hatred largely independent of activity of ego that inspires numerous specific hostile intentions. In addition, resentment has social factor; it is connected with comparisons which we makebetween one and another (Masterson, 1979).This presentation examines role of resentment in School of psychosomatic medicine, as developed in United States between 1930 and 1960. physicians of this school attempted to combine organicphysiological aspects of illness and theories of Freud. psychosomatic approach meant re-thinking of the mind-body dichotomy, it launched psychological mechanism as cause of illness and underlined role emotions play in somatic illnesses.We shall refer to Franz Alexander (1891-1964), Helen Flandes Dunbar (1902-1959), Irving D. Harris, etc. Even though their approaches and methodology were different, they were connected through Psychosomatic Medicine, the official peer-reviewed journal of American Psychosomatic Society, (established in 1939 and still being published). Over years we are interested in, 1930 to1960, we find that resentment is recurring issue which appears in many articles in journal. Most of these articles we will consider deal with cases and patient tales which show etiopathogenic theoriesand therapeutic aspects of doctor-patient relationship.Specifically, presentation aims to study how resentment was defined from medical perspective. We will study introduction of resentment into psychogenesis of symptoms, and in pathologies and diseases with which this emotion was associated. Finally, we will study repercussions of resentment in 2 therapeutic approach suggested by American school, as resentment leads to pathologicalization of doctor-patient relationship which is fundamental inpsychosomatic treatment.According to theories of psychosomatic medicine, physical changes that usually accompany emotions are transitory, but they do produce physical alterations, which can lead to functional disturbances, particularly when the influence of emotions is enduring.We know, for instance, of cases of so-called conversion hysteria within psychoanalysis. condition appears when person tries to restrain long-term and repressed emotions (Alexander, 1939), as in case of resentment.At least initially, American Psychosomatic School noted that each emotion was related specifically to an organic disorder or disease (Alexander, 1950). debate was soon broadened to include influence of emotions on other ailments which were defined as functional, due to absence of an organic basis for their form. Thus began debate on relationship between resentment and other negatively-considered emotions, and origin of certain organic or functional disorders. Some physicians, for example Irving D Harris, claimed that resentment would appear in both types of ailment, but above all in gastric disorders. Others associated this emotion with discomforts such as headache, back-ache or joint pain, which at time were all considered functional disorders.We shall also see that, in medicine, consideration of resentment was linked to greater consideration of subjective aspects of health and illness of patient and those connected with a maximization of welfare attainable through available technology.The psychosomatic therapeutic proposal of American psychosomatic school stressed healing nature of doctor-patient relationship. According to Alexander, it was psychosomatic medicine that allowed art of medicine to be considered scientific medicine. From that moment on -he stated- the influence of doctorpatient bond could no longer be considered mere addendum to treatment, an artistic or personal touch, but rather main basic therapeutic (1939). therapy, in case of process caused by resentment is based on what might be called principle of corrective emotional experience (Alexander, 1946, 112). Helen Dunbar says something similar: The physician's responsibility is to correct intraorganic dysfunction, but often this is possible only when he becomes catalytic agent in restoring patient's capacity for integration in But doctor-patient relationship, itself, can be an object of resentment, since this emotion is defined by its interpersonal character. Resentment expresses repetition of hostile emotional response from either doctor or patient. H. Dunbar believes that when doctor is no longer capable of communicating properly with patient, s/he becomes pathogenic agent, as s/he causes anxiety and fear and thus aggravates state of patient.This particular relationship is therefore part of pathology of physician-patient relationship which includes resentment together with deception and seduction. (Freeling, 1982).The studies connect pathologization of doctor-patient relationship with processes of chronic suffering or attention. Moreover, authors differentiate between ways in which resentment appears depending on type of disorder or ailment. Thus, for example, study on Doctor-Patient Relationship carried out by means of Projective Techniques by M Thaler, H Weiner and Morton F. Reiser (1957) states that in disorders such as arterial hypertension or gastric ulcers patients use doctor's inability to cure them as platform for resentment and provocation. But they also state that there are differences between these two groups of patients. In former, origin of this resentment is real, while in peptic ulcer group it is based on fantasy. In both cases, these conflicts are dependency related (as is doctor-patient relationship) and give rise to hostile impulses that lead to development of defence mechanisms in formation and establishment of relationships.In short, from social and ethical-philosophical perspective, it has been said that some emotions such as guilt, resentment, shame and anger may have special role in establishment of range of response-dependent values and norms that that lie at core of moral life. Here we will show that one of repercussions of psychosomatic period was significance attained by emotional factor in medicine, which led to emphasis on importance of communication or consideration of social-environmental factors, and contributed to reshaping of relationships between doctors and patients." @default.
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• W2249634745 date "2011-01-01" @default.
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• W2249634745 title "The Resentment in the Psychosomatic Pathology" @default.
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