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• W2255778834 abstract "Introduction: Conceptualising Chinese urban welfare reformMuch has been written about China's overhaul of its urban welfare system. Organisations such as the World Bank and United Na- tions, along with numerous Chinese and foreign academics, have taken a strong interest in the topic. Though pensions and medical coverage are important, (1) examining the programs and initiatives to help laid-off state sector workers and other elements of the new urban poor offers a window onto the core set of Chinese urban welfare issues. In tracing the history of national policy, local variations, and firm-level implementation, however, two broad points emerge. First, urban Chinese welfare reform has been a story of multi-level governance and contestation to a greater de- gree than is often recognised. Second, the overall push to re-develop a wel- fare system in the aftermath of the breakdown in the planned economy can be seen as an attempt at authoritarian accommodation of a formerly core constituency - the urban working class.Authoritarian accommodation refers to attempts by the CCP to buy off the discontent of the new urban poor through redistributive programs and social protection measures. Dorothy Solinger has noted this trend quite clearly in her recent work comparing China with Mexico and France. (2) Mark Frazier has also described the manner in which employers, local gov- ernments, and the central state bargained and cooperated to construct a new welfare system that provides at least basic cover to the most politi- cally volatile groups of dislocated urbanites (while at the same time rein- forcing old inequalities). (3) Finally, Daniel Hammond has made extensive study of the minimum livelihood guarantee system, showing that this new program aims to bring urban workers back into the state's embrace, even as work unit socialism is dismantled and local and regional variation exac- erbated.(4)The wider process can be traced back to what Isabela Mares and Matthew Carnes have characterised as strategies of organisational prolif- eration and co-optation in authoritarian welfare politics. (5)According to Mares and Carnes, communist and certain other types of authoritarian states often opt for welfare regimes characterised at once by institutional fragmentation and broad social coverage. That is, many (often competing) political or economic entities are responsible for portions of the welfare system, but large groups in society enjoy at least some meas- ure of social protection. This helps the leadership maintain ties to a large cross-section of constituencies, dividing potential challengers and shoring up a ruling coalition. The CCP clearly adopted such a framework of cellular welfare provision under Maoist work unit socialism.(6) I maintain that the hodgepodge of local initiatives, enterprise programs, and central-level schemes launched since 1995 have constituted a similar attempt, even if not always by design, at authoritarian accommodation of social interests through institutional proliferation and fragmentation.Noted widely in comparative politics, multi-level governance is most often encountered or addressed when examining federal or other consoci- ational systems.(7)China's urban social welfare reconstruction can be con- ceived of as what Hooghe and Marks call Type II Governance, (8) under which numerous entities at various levels, with intersecting memberships, are clustered around a particular policy task - in this case provision of basic social services and protection to China's new urban poor. Such a sys- tem has the institutional flexibility and agility to respond effectively to fluid and rapidly evolving policy challenges. But, especially in China's rela- tively non-transparent authoritarian context, it also has the potential to further obfuscate already blurred lines of responsibility and accountability - making it harder, rather than easier, for citizens to obtain the services to which they are entitled. …" @default.
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• W2255778834 date "2011-04-01" @default.
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• W2255778834 title "Rebuilding the Urban Chinese Welfare State: Authoritarian Accommodation and Multi-Level Governance" @default.
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