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• W2262561956 endingPage "44" @default.
• W2262561956 startingPage "44" @default.
• W2262561956 abstract "The active aggregations of small animals are often called The term has been applied to the mass flight of workers and queen from a fissioning beehive, and to the dispersal flights of termite reproductives. Swarming in insects otherwise is generally a mating activity characterized by pair formation in flight. There is great variation among insect mating with regard to the degree of aggregation. Most fit into one of two classes, which are the extremes of a continuum. In one class, males fly throughout an area of female availability and are, more or less, evenly spaced. In the other, males are strongly clumped within a small portion of the volume where females are available and they tend to fly at a station for a prolonged period. I use the modifer to refer to swarming of the first class, while the unmodified is reserved for the second class. Gruhl (1955) proposed the terms synhesmia and synorchesia for the same purpose. The adoption of particular terms by other workers is not as desirable as is a general realization that there are important behavioral differences among various mating swarms, and that it is therefore often worthwhile to describe in considerable detail. Dispersed swarming describes situations in which males individually search for and pair with females while in flight and in sufficient density that someone has called the phenomenon a swarm. This activity occurs in areas where females are emerging, feeding, ovipositing, or dispersing when flight is integral to these pursuits. Males of some mayflies and caddisflies fly in great numbers over water and shoreline vegetation where females are emerging or resting, and intercept females as they fly (e.g. Needham et al. 1935, Solem 1978). Mass mating flights of ants may be synchronized over a large area (Sudd 1967). The swarms of lovebugs, Plecia nearetica (Bibionidae), seem to be dispersed (Thornhill 1980a) . Small dense of the second variety occupy a volume of a cubic meter or so and usually keep station with reference to some object. This object, the swarm (Downes 1969), generally has no value to the swarming species except its use in swarming, but flying males of some species may aggregate at resources where females may predictably occur, such as the hosts of blood feeding flies (e.g. Gubler and Bhattacharya 1972). Swarms may be closely spaced or separated by hundreds of meters, but in any case the greatest part of the volume within which females fly has a very low male density in comparison to the swarms. The process of assembly at a marker occurs in many insect species that do not mate in flight. Shields (1967) provides an extensive review of hilltopping behavior, which is the best known form of the phenomenon." @default.
• W2262561956 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2262561956 creator A5014326626 @default.
• W2262561956 date "1981-03-01" @default.
• W2262561956 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2262561956 title "Insect Swarming and Mating" @default.
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• W2262561956 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3494600" @default.
• W2262561956 hasPublicationYear "1981" @default.
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