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• W226293717 abstract "In Russian and Western debates about developments in post-Soviet world, term reforms has become a kind of magic fetish. The mere mention of reforms, like a shamanistic incantation, unleashes a storm of passions across spectrum of public opinion. However, specific meanings of term are often as murky and diverse as interests and goals of those who invoke word. Profound and substantive differences exist over what is meant by Russia's reforms--differences between Russians and Westerners, as well as between various intellectual and political camps in Russia itself. Thus, in view of most present-day Western observers, as well as old-style Westernizers inside Russia (including most of orthodox Marxists in early twentieth century), reform has been deterministically linked to idea of and more generally to a belief in linear progress of civilization. In this conception of history, all nations are perceived as developing, perhaps at different speeds, in direction of a single universal standard. One of popularizations of this doctrine was much advertised essay by Francis Fukuyama on the end of history.(1) However, it is clear that in late Soviet and post-Soviet Russia number of proponents of optimistic view of and a linear perception of history has been shrinking. By contrast, an increasing number of Russian historians and social scientists have embraced variations of cyclical paradigm of change. The roots of this approach go back to Heraclitus and, in modern times, to Giambatista Vico, whose teaching about corsi e ricorsi, ebbs and flows of history, was first in modern Western thought to challenge doctrine of universal and irreversible historical progress. Although few serious scholars would interpret historical cycles as mere repetition without development, establishing parallels between distant periods of Russian history has long been characteristic of Russians' view of their past, present, and even future. Note widespread use of such terms as and revolution from above, which were coined in twentieth century but are used to describe earlier as well as recent periods. The cyclical conception of Russian history was elaborated most eloquently by a wide-ranging intellectual of Silver Age, Maximilian Voloshin (1877-1932). To him belongs reconceptualization of Bolshevism as an extemporal idea that generalizes whole pattern of leaps toward modernization via coercive from above. In Voloshin's words, Peter Great was first Bolshevik. In our times, variations of cyclical paradigm were adopted even by such unambiguous Westernizers as Alexander Yanov and Natan Eidelman. The latter, in his `Revoliutsia sverkhu' v Rossii, saw series of revolutions from above as a progressive spiral. It is worth noting that such a cyclical interpretation of a nation's history is, although a prominent feature of Russian culture, not unique to Russia. It does not necessarily deny idea of progress nor imply perennial backwardness on pan of a nation.(2) To use a popular and easily recognizable metaphor, Russian history is often presented as a pendulum swinging back and forth---between progress and conservative backlash; between despotic, bloody police regimes and anarchic Times of Troubles, which have periodically brought country to brink of disintegration and virtually destroyed state. The initial impulse for pendulum swings--both to right (in direction of dictatorship) and then to left (toward weakening of state)--is often seen to be recurrent attempts of Russian rulers to carry out a radical, top-down transformation of society. It goes without saying that throughout five centuries of Russian history major problems facing various reformers, correlation of social forces around different reformist programs, international context, and many other factors have changed substantially. …" @default.
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• W226293717 date "1998-06-22" @default.
• W226293717 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W226293717 title "The Yeltsin Era in the Light of Russian History: Reform or Reaction?" @default.
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