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• W226390521 abstract "Abstract: With the first partition of Poland in 1772, the Mennonites in the Vistula Delta found themselves confronted by a series of economic, religious and political choices. Despite Frederick the Great's desire to accommodate religious diversity, the new Prussian authorities saw Mennonite pacifism as being antithetical to the pursuit of great power status. Since military obligations were determined by land ownership, Mennonites had their means of livelihood restricted by government policy that sharply curtailed land acquisition. Emigration provided one option; continued attempts at accommodation another. The whole issue was complicated by the absence of a uniform government policy: authorities in provincial centers often disagreed with the central Berlin administration, and the legendary Prussian efficiency had not yet established itself in West and East Prussia. In addition, the free city status of Danzig provided a ready escape valve. Altogether, these factors provided Mennonites an opportunity to adjust to new realities of power politics. ********** Migrations of peoples continue to be the subject of scholarly studies, and they provide inspiration for historians, artists, sociologists and many others interested in the drama of people in movement. The migration of Germans from Hesse, Swabia and other areas of central Germany to lands made available by Tsarina Catherine II in the second half of the eighteenth century continues to hold public interest. With the collapse of the former Soviet Union, some German Russians have even hoped that German communities, once so numerous along the Volga and elsewhere, might enjoy at least a partial restoration. (1) Similarly, Mennonite migrations beginning in the 1780s from the Vistula Delta to the region north of the Black Sea, and the subsequent development of scores of communities in the vast Russian Empire, have drawn considerable interest. The recent discovery of important archival sources promises to enhance our current understanding of the Mennonite commonwealth that existed there for one and one-half centuries. (2) While historians have given considerable attention to the story of German Mennonites in Russia, relatively little has been written about the difficulties in leaving Prussia. (3) Yet would-be emigrants often found numerous obstacles to their leaving, not least among them being the uncertain and often contradictory policies of the Prussian government. Administrative officials, concerned about economic productivity, used a variety of obstructionist tactics to try to prevent farmers, artisans, business persons and laborers from leaving: denying permission to emigrate; impeding the sale or purchase of land or other possessions; refusing to process documents, etc. Local officials warned Berlin that many parts of East and West Prussia needed more, not fewer, settlers, and they suggested that the central government should devise policies that would encourage settlers to remain. For Mennonites living in the Vistula Delta, the late eighteenth century brought momentous change. For more than two centuries they had enjoyed the comparatively tolerant policies of the Polish crown. Despite sometimes erratic action taken by some local authorities, Mennonites had been able to preserve their way of life, increase their land holdings and maintain their exemption from military service. All of that changed, however, in the last decades of the eighteenth century when the political fortunes of the Polish state collapsed under pressure from Prussia, Austria and Russia. In 1772 the Vistula Delta--with the exception of the city-state of Danzig--came under Prussian control in the First Partition of Poland. Since the vast majority of Mennonites in that region lived in the Delta, the Partition of 1772 had dramatic consequences. The rather relaxed, sometimes chaotic Polish rule gave way to a highly centralized, authoritarian Prussian government. The political goals of the new government called for a strong army, and Mennonites soon found that their traditional pacifism did not fit into the new order. …" @default.
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• W226390521 date "1998-01-01" @default.
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• W226390521 title "Barriers to Emigration from Prussia" @default.
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