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• W2264549080 abstract "The structural and political realities of U.S. treaty processes raise grave difficulties for efforts to make the United States a full participant in the global system of human rights treaties. The power to stop a treaty from being ratified, along with the associated power to delay ratification or attach weakening reservations and similar limitations, is broadly dispersed within the Senate. Meanwhile, the President has been able to withdraw from treaties unilaterally. This “asymmetrical” approach to treaties raises grave difficulties for efforts to make the United States a full participant in the global treaty system protecting human rights. Because Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution requires that ratification of a treaty by the United States be preceded by a favorable two-thirds vote in the Senate, any controversial treaty faces substantial obstacles. The structure of the Senate further exacerbates this situation by favoring efforts to stop or delay action. As a practical matter, treaty ratification is usually impossible without bipartisan support. Human rights treaties often have been delayed for long periods because of these factors. For example, the United States did not join the 1948 Genocide Convention until 1989. And even those human rights treaties ratified by the United States are hobbled by numerous reservations, understandings, and other limitations. On the other hand, Goldwater v. Carter allows a President to terminate a treaty without fearing judicial intervention. President Carter exercised this prerogative in terminating the mutual defense treaty with Taiwan, and President George W. Bush withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and from the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives played any role in those actions. It is very difficult for the United States to ratify a treaty, but easy for a President to withdraw. This asymmetry creates serious difficulties, even when there is substantial support for U.S. participation in a human rights treaty. Those outside the United States look at the results of this process and may assume that the Nation is hostile to human rights. However, more general institutional characteristics explain much about why human rights treaties have encountered such extreme difficulties. New approaches to treaty ratification might make it easier for human rights treaties to be considered on their merits rather than being mired in the quicksand now encountered." @default.
• W2264549080 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2264549080 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W2264549080 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2264549080 title "The Asymmetrical Nature of the U.S. Treaty Processes and the Challenges That Poses for Human Rights" @default.
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